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T H I

ANALYTICAL REVIEW,

O ft

HISTORY OF LITERATURE,

DOMESTIC AND PORE

ON AN INLARQBD FLAM.j

coni'ainino SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACTS or important amb ixtsrbstxxo WORKS

rDBLUHlO IN ENGLISH}

A GENERAL ACCOUNT OP SUCH AS AUK OP LESS CONSg. JJJJENCE, WITH SHOUT CHARACTERS*

A N » "* x

NOTICES, 01 REVIEWS, of yalvaslb bobbicn BOOKS*

AllO TUB

tlTERARY INTELLIGENCE OF EUROPE, Ac.

** At h*c omnia ita tntitm prjccipimus, ut non, Critkorum more, in laude tk u ccnfura tempus tcraturj fc4 plane hiftorice us irsjs narrentur, judicium « farms foerponatur." Bacon dt bjUria btcraria c&fcnbemU*

VOL. XXIV.: -

FROM £VLT TO D»«*MN«^Jj6, INCtUSlVE^

LONDON*

J?***?** FOB J« JOHNSON, N* J%$ IT. *AVZ.*S CKVRCIf-YAlB^

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THE

ANALYTICAL REVIEW,

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For JULY, 1796,

PAINTING. STATUARY, &C«

Art. 1. The Works of the late Profrjfor Camper^ on the Con* nexlon between the Science of Anatomy and the Arts of Dranv- i#gy painting, Statuary, Isfc. &e, in two Books. Containing a Yrcatfe on the natural Difference of Features in Perfons of dif- ferent Countries and Periods, of JLife ; and on Beauty, as exhibited , in ancient Sculpture ; *witb a new Method of'Jletcbitig Heads, national Features, and Portraits of Individuals, with Accuracy'^ l£c* &c. Iliujlrated with feventcen Plates, explanatory of the Prof efforts leading Principles. Tranjlatcd from the Dutcb, by T, Cogan, M. JJ. , ^to. 200 pages. \Vjth a Head of the Author, •ami ferenteen large*Platcs. Price il.' is. boards. Dilly. 1794.

Of the numerous elementary \#orks on painting and) fciilpture, poured on the" public by proieflbrs and theoults, fronvthe epocn of Leonardo da Viapj, Albert Durer, and Lomazzo, to our days? none will be found tb defer ve the attentive pcmfal of itudents, formed artifts, and dilettanti, more than the. performance befoif us : inftead of retailing arbitrary dogmas, fyftema founded on fuperficial and defultory obfervation, or creeled on queftiooable authorities, the author of this work relies on rigid demon ft ration, and makes the object he considers explain it's proportions and beauties from the functions it is to perform, and the end to which it is deflincd.

An engliih tranflation of Mr. Camper's celebrated Le&uret hat been long among the deiiderata of the artilt, and it was in expectation or it that we have hitherto deferred our analjrfis of his fyflem : that want has at length been fupplied by the prefent publication, and in a manner which leaves nothing to wi(h for* Dr. C., the tr«*n(laior, already Known to the public as an ufeful, entertaining, and elegant original writer *, has done ample juftice to his author, not only by the eafe and perfpicuity with which ■ ii. ■ ■ 1 ■ ■ ■ ■ j ■ * iii ■ " ^

* See Travels on the Rhine, &c.

roi~'xxrv. no. 1. B he

% PAIpTlNO. STATUARY.

he has communicated to us his notion* and rules, hut by the addition of a valuable preface, which, with a number of im- portant obfervations on the connexion- of the arts with fcience, combines a lucid epitome of the work.

In the introduction to the firfi ' bboky the profeflbr defcri&es the peculiar advantages he enjoyed from the union of his anatomical knowledge with an early tondnefs for drawing, &c.y he traces the progrcft o£ his own improvement to hit increating diflWtisfa&ion» at the imperfeft manner in 'which national characlere were* de- lineated by fome celebrated moderns ; at the obvious inferiority of the flemifli fchooi, when compared with the antique and the fchools of Italy; and- he expsefies a conviction, that he has dil- "covered the caufes of their errours," of the fuperiority of the ancients, and of the real .property of what has hitherto been 'de- nominated ideal beauty. Thel'e confide rations induced hiiri t? arrange his difcoveries and observations in a- treatife on * the na- tural, difference of features in peribns of different countries^ and periods of Hie : and on beauty as exhibited in ancient fculpture/ The firlt chapter of part the Jirft points out characleriftic dif- tin&ions in a cahnuck^ a chinefe, a native of Otabsitc : in this ge- neral divifion the calmuck is made to reprefent- the race of thj* eaftera part of Afia, from Siberia to New Zealand, together with the tribes of North America, whom the profeflbr fuppofes to have originated from the alia tics ; an europcan head is confidered as a fpecimen of all Europe, Turkey, Perfia, and a large part of Arabia ; the head of an angoleic negro is fubftimtcd for all Africa: thefe dirtioclions, though too general and coricife to be r^ry accurate, fervc to illuftratc his fyltem : r. 20*

* There is no nation', fays Mr. C, ' fo ditlinguifhable. as the Jews. Men, women, and children, from their birthb, bear the cha- rade rittic marks of their race, Mr. Weft, the diitinguifhed painter, with whom I have frequently convcrfed upon the fubject, conferiing my inability* to difcover in what this national mark conihrs, places it chiefly in the crooked form of the nofe* I acknowledge that this contributes much, and tbut it gives them a refemblancc to the la fears, of whom 1 have fcen numbers iftr London ; and have even taken the model of a face ia Paris-platter* But there is llill a fomewhat unexplained. It is upon this* account that the famous De Wit has fo ill fucceeded in the council* chamber at the Stadt-houfe of Atnltcrdam. He has exhibited ut his paintings feverai men with beards, bur they are not ifraelites/

We cannot pretend to determine whether or not, with the pro* fcflbr's influence and eagcrnefs of purfuit, and during his long- pra&ice, it proved impoilibie to procure the Ikull of an llraelitc for diflcUion. The characteriflic given by the engltfU artifl is that of common and vulgar obfervation. A jew, of either J rcx , may be picked out of a number of people, let the nofe be aquiline, flat, or turned up, and by a mark which feems to* •us independent of any oileologic difference from other nations; by a kind of greafy glitter on the epidermis, which remains after ttec moil careful waftiing^ and is not produced by perfpiration.

3. Chapter

Cogan'si tforks of Profefor Camper » 3

Chaptet ti prefents us with fevcral ftriking in fiances of the effects of climate, food, cuitoms* and manners, upon complexion, features, arid general form.

Chapter Hi is the molt important, develops the profeflbrlt leading fenriments, defcribes the facial line, it's importance, the manner of ascertaining it, and it's maximum and minimum within. the proportions of nature. As it is impoflible, without the aflift-- Vice of figures, to make an intelligible extract from a tifTuc of references to lines and plates, we (hall content ourfeives with giv- ing a fummary of their refult.

To afcertain the maximum and the minimum which difcriminato the human form from that of the brute and the monfter, the author places the fkull or head within. a fquare frame, divided at the upper part into ninety degrees : he* then draws a ftraight line from the hollow ot the ear to the under part' of the nofe, and another from the "utmoft projection of the frontal bone to the tnoft prominent part of the 'upper jaw: the angles formed by thefe lines, where they interfec"r. the degrees, difcover to him not o»ly the fpecitic difference of any one animal from another, but the chara&eri flics of races and nations in their removals from beauty, or approaches to it. Birds are defcribed by the fmalleft angles, nearly horizontal ones, and the perpendicular increafes as the animal approaches thte human form. The heads of apes and outaqgs reach from forty-two to fifty degrees ; the.laft hears forae fjmilarity to man. The negro and calmuck have feventy ; the european rifes to eighty ; the ancient roman art ids afcended to » ninety five, and the greeks idealized to a hundred. Beyon&tthis v line the portentous begins ; ' the head becomes mifhapen, and affumes the appearancexof a hydrocephalus.' Deformity obtains, or beauty predominates, in proportion as the maxilla; project beyond, or recede within the perpendicular.

For the important remarks concerning differences in the facial line, phyfiolagical examination of the difference in the features viewed in front, and the diveriities of features, &c, explained in the three remaining chapters, as figures and text go hand in hand, we mud refer the reader to the' work itfelt, and proceed to part the fecond.

This is divided into four chapters, in which the changes that take place from infancy to old age are accurately traced, and the caufes of thefe varied appearances phyfiologically explained* The neceffity of attending to thefe circumflances is indicated by adverting to the defects in the children of fevcral artiils, fuch as Albert Durer, De Wit, &c.

Part the third has three chapters, the firft treats of beauty in

feneral j the author maintains that there are various caufes and inds of beauty, or the beautiful, that cannot be reduced to one ftandard : but to whatever may be deemed beautiful in itfclf, N independent of adventitious circumflances, or mere cuftom and fancy, fomc relation and proportion between the different parts of thefubjecl feem abfolutely necefiary. The -beauty obfer\.fble in the works of the ancients is in part afcrijbed to their having fiorre&ed the defects which proceed from the laws of vifipn; this

B a **■

4 '* PAINTING. , SJVlTtf ART.

is proved mathematically. Chapter xi treats of the relative pro* portions obfervable in europeans, &c. compared with the antique* The third chapter propofes a general method to find out the proportions oi the head, founded on an anatomical knowledge of the cranium : the ufe of this to portrait painters, is pointed out as the only means of ascertaining what conditutes the beauty and grace of a countenance. In the enumeration of it's parts, the author unaccountably coincides with thofe who think the form of the ear* from the minutenefs and intricacy of it's parts, Ufs contrived for elegance than ufe, and for that realon to have ge- nerally been hidden by the ancients. It might perhaps be faid, without impropriety, that they, who mifs elegance of fhape in a well- formed ear, have no eye ; but the fad is,, that the ancients have fliown the ear as nature (hows it ; inbofomed, but never hidden, amid the curls of youth, and boldly produced to fupply their want on the temples of age.

• Part the fourth treats of the bed manner of fketching the outlines of a head, particularly in profile : the imperfection of the common method, either by the ufe of the oval, or of the greater and fmaller triangle, is fully demondrated ; and in the third chapter a new method is propofed, viz. to form of two unequal circles* a horizontal oval, which is nearly the (liape of the cranium independant of it's append iges ; a line dropped from the centre of the larger circle to it's bottom defines the orifice and lowed verge of the ear : the facial line is marked in the dire&ion required, and the red of the head divided into four equal' parts. The fimplicity and fqperiority of this method is proved by four profiles of a child, a negro, an aged, and a full grown man. "

Booh tht fecond contains fhe fubdance of three lectures on the wanner of reprefenting the different paflions, and on the points of umilarity between the human fpecies, quadrupeds, birds, and fifties : with rules for drawing, founded on this fimilarity.

Thefe are to be confidered as fragments of lectures, in which the explanatory parts do not bear an adequate proportion to the introductory : what degree of merit they may poffefs confids more in their aim than in the execution.

The defign of the firft lecture is to convince the pupil of the, great advantages, that might be derived from a more ex ten five knowledge of anatomy, than artiils in general poffefs, in the delineation of the different emotions of the mind. The author ftrongly recommends not only the dudy of ofleology in general- and of the cranium in particular ; of the mufclcs of the face and their action, but aifo the dudy of neurology^ or the a&ions of the difFerent nerves upon thefe mufclcs in the various paffions. , This do&rine he illuftrates by defcribing the external effects pro- duced in feveral of the emotions, and points out the nerves, that, priiharily influenced by the different dates of the mind, act upon the mufcular fyilem, and produce the correfpondent effects.

rl he object of the fecond leclure is to enforce upon thofe artifta who have made animals their principal objecY of dudy, amore intimate acquaintance with the natural hiiloiy of their fubjett. '

The

. Cogan's W9fh vf Pnfeffir Camper. -5

t The neceffity of this arifes from the indifputable fact, that the author of nature has given to each animal a form cor fefpotfdent with it's particular deihnation, the nature of it's food, and manner of procuring it; the horfe, the cow, the dog, camel, and elephant, are introduced to illuftrate this dodrine ; and the inference' for *he artift is obvious. .

The third lecture opens with an intererting cririclfm on the works of fome celebrated artiils in this department, and points put the errours committed by nearly all of them from the cauft affigne4. The profeflbr then proceeds to canvafs the rules laid do'.va by Van de Pas^ for the delineation of animals ; and having demon 11 rated their imperfection, and proved their tendency to miilead, he propofef a method of hid own, which he deems of ■univerfal application.

This method is founded on a principle analogous to that efta- felifhed for forming the profile of the human head. The pro- feflbr maintains, that the conformation of the thorax and abdomen in the fkeleton of all animals is fo fimilar, that thefe part* demand the firft and principal attention of the artift. He recom- mend* therefore firft to draw the outlines of thefe parts, and forming from them an oblong oval in an horizontal direction, to add the other parts, which he confide rs as appendages that vary according to the nature and destination of the animal. In this manner he (hows with what facility a cow may be metamorphofed into a crane, a fifh, &c. and a quadruped into a human figure.

Such are the rude 'outlines of the various limbs of a fy (Fenvthat appears to have it's origin in nature and truth for it's bafe. Being founded on demonft ration, with a continued reference to v figure and line, it was impoffibie to jexpatiate on it in extracts, without adopting a fimilar method. The ftyle is animated, and frequently as elegant and entertaining as the matter would permit. In his quotations and nomenclature, the profetTor it not always correct ; and he is fometimes negligent of chronology. Thus, and on the authority of Pliny tool C alarms, who with Praxiteles flourifhed about the 104th olympiad, is called the * fucceflbr' of Lyfippus, whp wrought in the 1 j^th.— The author tells us of the * artomfhment he felt, when he firft contemplated the penitence of Peter, painted in one of the cartoons;' and doubtt whether any one * can remain in fen fib le to the anguifh' of Profer- pine, vyhen forced away by Pluto, as it is chifeled out in flone by ^BuonarotL — No cartoon of Raphael exhibits the penitence of .Jeter; and it would be* little fhort of a farcafm on the ^rofefTor'a tafte, to fuppofc that he miftook the rape of Proferpine by the elder Bernini, in the Ludovifi palace, for a work of Michael Angelo — But thefe are trifling overlights where fo much pre- ponderates in favour of a writer. We repeat, that no elemen- tary work known to us has the fmaHeft pretence to be put in 'competition with the lectures of Camper ; and think it a duty to recommend tbeir ferious pcrufal to every ftudent and dilettante! $ Noclu ni verfandas manu, verfa/idas diufnaV

Each book is illuftrated by a number of p « es, copied! in, a spanner equally mafterly and correct, by the ingenious tyjr. l£lrk.

B 3 A^t.

t 4n%TT>*r.

JflStORT. ANTIQUITIES. CHRONOLOCr.

Art. ti. The Hiftofy of the Parijhes rf Wbiteford, and tbtytaelt* 4to. 3 zS pages, and 24 plates. Price il. is. in boards. Whites.

• Mr. Pennant's infcription upon this volume is Reftrgam: and Jus numerous readers, whom he has fo elegantly inftructed, and fo pleafantly amufed by his former writings, will be difpofed, on his return to his literary labours, after having taken a formal leave of the public, [fee our Rev. Vol. xvi, p. 15] to welcome him with affection, as an old friend and companion riferi from the dead. It is wholly unneceflary to defcribe the peculiar ftyle and cha- racter of Mr! P.'s writings, either for the information of pur readers* prto add a frefh "wreath to his well-earned reputation. We may, therefore, be allowed.'without further preamble, to enrich our journal with a few extracls from this entertaining piece of topography.

The volume commences with a defcription of Eden Owain, or Downing, the author's birth place and family eitate j where he was iifhered into the world on the 14th of June, 1726, old ftyle. De- fcribing his grounds. Mr. P. mentions an oak, of which he gives an elegant plate, and relates the following particulars : , p. 5.-—' Above this building is a fpreaaing oak of great antiquity, fk 2e, an4 extent of branches : it has got the name ofthe Fairy Oak. In this very century a poor cottager, who lived near the fpot, had a child who grew uncommonly peevifti ; the parents attributed this to . ihe fairies* and imagined that k was a changeling. They took the .child, pat it in a cradle, and left it all night beneath the tree, in hopes that the tyhuydd teg, or fairy family, or the fairy folk, would reftore their own before morning. When morning came they foun4 the child perfectly quiet, fo went away with it, quite confirmed in their belief. Shakipeare and Spenfer allude to thi» pppular fiction, Spenfer is particularly allufive to the above :

9 And her bafe elfin breed there for thee left, ^Such men 4q changelings call, fo chang'd by fairies theft.*

A ftrong feature of ancient welch manners is drawn in Mr. P.?# "account of the practice of terming.

p. 23.—*' In thofe days the neighbors were much addicted, lb terming, i. e. brewing a barrel of ale at fome favorite ale-houfe, an4 fraying there till it was all drunk out. They never went to bed, even mould the term laft a week ; they either flept in their chain or on the floor, as it liappened, then awoke arid refumcxl their jollity. At length, when the barrel was exhaufted, they reeled away, and the nero of this bacchanalian rotot always carried the " fpiggot in triumph. Courting 'was very frequently the occailon of theie terms ; each gentleman brought his grey-hound, and often made jnatches, more for the glory of producing the beft dog, than for tlje value of the bet.* -' " '

' Mr. £. gives a curious lift of prefents made by friends and neighbours to the IherifF, Pyers Pennant, in 161 2, confiding of fteep, pigs, getfc, chickens, brawn/ butter, eggs, fugar, cakes. Jack, clardt, money, *&c- He adds.

Pennant's Hifiory of Wktttferd, and Holywell. y

*. 41. — * In thefe numerous lifts of prefents I was furprHedat the ©million of brandy ; probably the fiery dram was not then in iaihion in Wales : yet mrrfe, in Romeo and Juliet, calls for \f amain, under the name of aqua vita: :

Some aqua wit*, ho ! my ford, my lady !

It appears to have been chiefly ufed ki thofe days for medical purpofes. v

* In captain Wyndham's voyage to Guinea there was Vandy.on board for the ufe of ufe iick failors. It was (aid to hare been in- vented by Raymundus Lullius, the famous alchemift, who died in the year 1315. Charles the Bad, king of Navarre, came to a sioft horrible end, fays Mezerey, {i. 954.) who, to reilore his ftrength, weakened by debauchery, was wrapped in iheecs fteeped. in eau de vie. His valet by accident fet £1 e to them : after the third day he died in the moft dreadful tortures, and it is to be hoped thus expiated the crimes of his moil execrable life. I aft} indebted for the origin of brandy to a molt elaborate eiTay on .it which I received from Mr, William Taylor, of Norwich, by favor , «f my friend Dr. Aikin/

Of the change which time makes in our ideas and attains., .the following anecdote may ferve as an example :

p. 51.—' Xfigh above Lietty Gqueft Hands a fummcr-Jiouie, buik by my grandfather, to which he often adjourned with his gueiUfr. *o .regale them witfi the delicious beer, brewed by the .famous Jane* Many years after, when I became mailer of the eflatc, I arfo had any adjournment, but it was either to cat (hrisips or to drink tea. An honeft vicar of a diitant panfh, who had been a moil intimate friend of my convivial grandfather, enquired whether I ever went to the fummer-houfe ; and was anTwered, " Now and then, to drink aea." Struck with horror at the degeneracy of the grandfon, the good man with indignation exclaimed, " Drink teal his grand- father would have fcorned it!"

Moftyn hall is minutely defcribed ; it's apartments, coatsx of arms, pictures, library, manufcripts, bronzes, lamps, marbles, &c. Among the relics of antiquity is the golden torques ; of which *. particular account is given.

Next follows a defcription of Whiteford church, with it's monu- jnents and inicriptions. A beautiful view is given of Garreg, or che rock, the higheil land in the pariih, with the following account fif the roman pharos, which ftill remains upon it.

p. 112.—* The romans took advantage of this elevated fituation, and placed on its fummit a pharos, to conduct the navigators to and from D*va, along the difficult channel of the Seteia Partus. The building is Hill remaining. Jt is tolerably entire ; its form is .circular : the inner diameter twelve feet and a half 5 the thicknefs of the -walls four feet four inches. The doors, or entrances, are oppofite to each other ; over each is a fquare funnel, like a chimney, which opens on the outfide, about halfway up the building. On each fide is a window. About four feet from the ground are three circular, holes, lined with mortar, as is frequent in roman buildings j 494 penetrate .the whole wall, for purpofes now unknown.

f 9 + ! WiOu&r

9 HISTORY

* Withinfide are the veftiges of a ftair-cafe, which led to fhe.

floors, of which there appear to have been two. Along fuch part

of the upper, which was confpfcuous from the channel, are cigljt fmall fquare openings, cafed with free-ftone (the reft of 'the build- ing being of rude lime-ftone, ^bedded in hard mortar) and each of thefe were feparated by wooden pannels, placed in deep grooves, the laft ftill in a perfect ftate. In each of thefe partitions were placed the lights, which the romans thought necefTary to keep diftind, or to prevent from running into one, left they mould be miftaken by feamen for a ftar. Periculum in corrrvatione ignium, ne

fidus exijiimctur? ..-,-.

• Having accurately noticed every object which may be fuppofed to engage the attention of the antiquarian, Mr. P. proceeds to give an account of the natural hiftory and rural economy of his parifh. Speaking of the mines, he fays,

p. 132. — * I (hall juft mention two or three adventitious bodies difcovered at vaft depths in our mines. We have been often fur- prifed with finding great rude logs of timber, at the depth of twenty-five or forty-five yards under ground. They are quite rough, and totally freed from any fufpicion of having bee,n ufed in the mines, even had they npt been met with in new 6x unworked ground, in blue clay, and amidft tumblers. They are firm and Itrong when firfl taken up, and of a black color; as if they hacj been burnt.* »

The value of the potatoe plant to the poor will be feen in the

, following extraft : v

p. 160. — * Every cottage has its garden ; and if that is not large enough, any landlord or neighbor allots him a piece in one of his fields, for the purpofe of a potatoe-garden, and this fpot is prepared and manured by the landlord, and for which not more than 18 A per rood is demanded. The laft comfort is not of long date, for I can remember the time in which it was aim oft unknown to the. poorer people ; neither did the rich extend the culture beyond the garden. How fmgular does appear to us the following '^quotation, from old Gerard, p. 928, who (peaks of it as " being alfo a meatej for pleafure, equall in goodnefle and whole fome nefle vnto the fame? being either rofted in the embers, or boyled and eaten with oyle^ vinegar, and pepper, or drefled any other way by the hand of fome cunning in cookerie." — At prefent our gardeners, and a ft\t frthers of the parim, raife fufRcientto fupply their neighbors, and to carry for fale to the -adjacent market. The ftiff foil of the paring is unfavorable to the culture. •» If we want potatoes in any quan*

< titles, we muft import them from the vale of Conwy, from (Jhefture-, and Lancaihire.- In the prefent time of fcarcity, (May 1795) ^9 cultivation has been unufuall v encreafed in Whiteford parifh. .Be*; fore this feafon, I never railed more than was neceffary for the ufe of my fimijy : this year I increafed my potatoe-ground manyfold, even before I had read the fpeech made; by- fir John Sinclair.

1 Thousands have done the fame in a fimilar ftate -of ignorance, fome from benevolence, fome from view of gain, anoV others on thV principle of felf-prefervation* I may predict alfo, from the former . fngtives," that wheat will 'be in the next ieaibn fowa four-fold. . Ad- t * monit^oui

Pennant' s Hiftory if JFhikford, an4 HofylvtB* 4

qiomtions fcrely are unneceffitry. In the next year we may rejoice in plenty, even in fuperfluity, and have the happine s of feeing the poor man exult in our fuccefe. — But the hakyo? days are arriving sift. Let us comfort ourfelves with the fair profped before us, ana devoutly pray for the accomplifhment of taofe hopes delivered to w in the fallowing prophetic cffufions ;

Let us cut off thofe legal bars Which crufh the culture of our fertile lUe ! ' Were they rem ov'd, unbounded wealth would flow, Our waftes would then wkh varied produce fmile. And England foon a fecond Eden prove !'

Mr. P., having devoted 172 pages to his native foot, now ftep* into the parilh of Holywell, where lie finds abundant materials, antiquarian and commercial, for the information and amufement of his readers.' The description of that extenfive and important commercial ' eitabliihment, the Pary9 mine works, will probably be acceptable to many of our readers. The works carried on here* *. 204, * are entirely confined to the manufacture of copper.

' In this department is a great forge for heating the cakes of copper, , previbully to their being beat into pans, or rolled into fheathings, &c. &c. The wheels and machinery are fet in motion by the water from a large pool, parallel to the road, which is filled from the dream, and let out by anbther channel to effect its purpofes. -,.-'..

' Thefe may be called the great magazines for the fupply of the royal navy with the various neceffaries in copper, fuch as^jheathings, bolts, and nails. Some of the bolts are twenty feet long, and' fo hardened by rolling and battering,' as to be capable of being driven almoft to their heads, in the entrance forward, and run abaft of , the fhips where the beds of timber are the thickeft ; which work is facilitated by boring with an auger two-thirds of the length. ' ' Some of the nails are a foot in length, and from that iize to that of a fadler's tack. ' .

' ' Rudder bands and braces are here made of an enormous fize ; fbme, defigned for the largeft firft- rates, weighed one ton fourteen hundred."

' ' The number of men employed in thefe works is ninety-three. This is intended when they are in full employ : the fame muft be. mderftood of all the reft.

' The head of water to thjs mill is about twenty-one feet and 3, half, and the fuperficial furface of the pool about 112,028 feet ' ' The trade of thefe works is not confined to the royal navy. The merchant (hips are from hence fupplied with confiderable quan- tities of fheathing, bolts, and nails, as are many of the fhip3 in the fervice of the Eaft-India company.

• ' From hence braziers are furnimed with copper vefleli of all kinds, and the materials for all the copper branches of their bufinefs. 1 * The works on this river are fupplied with their copper from the Parp* mine and Mona mine companies ; the ore of which it (incited chiefly at Ravenhead, and Stanley, in Lancaihire. 1 •..-.........,.,..: < The

* "Fhe ewraim ores arc (incited «t Swanfey, Neath, BrfJrol, and Sn'Cornwal.

« The duke of Devonftiire's ores, *t Wbifton, in DerbyflHi*.

« The number of veflels immediately employed by the copper- companies on this -river, to convey the feveral manuraclures, or the materials to and from Liverpool, and the other places connected with them, amount to between thirty and forty, from thirty to fifty tons burden.

( Mr. Williams has, befides the works on the Holywell ftreajn, two near Mario w) in Buckingham (hire, upon a$ large a fcaie a* thofe in Greenfield. There are alfo in this kingdom others be~ longing to different proprietors, at Cougleton and Macclesfield, -in Cheshire, at Swanfey, and Briftol, and in Comwal, and a number in the vicinity of London.'

Befides the copper and braft works, there are upon this river ]arge cotton works, and fome other manufactories, which are di£ tin&ly defcribed.

St. Wenefrede's well, fo famous in the annals ef fuperftition, of tourfe engaj tion. The 3 of the jiuracul<

* lightened time;, indeed of exciting religious awe, fcarcely affords amufement,; and Mr, P. might have fpared himfelf the trouble of ierioufly remarking, that with protcftants, and temperate catholics, it carries with it felf-confutation. Curious and ufeful particulars are given re&ecling the ftate of population, the price of provi- sion, &c. in Holywell. The hiftory of Holywell commences and conclu&s with excurfions into the neighbourhood. An appendix i* added, containing Vaughan's account of .the five royal tribes of Cambria, and a genealogy of the fifteen tribes of North Wales, given from the «s. in the poifeflion of the rev. L. Owen. f The details in this hiftory are given with a degree of minutenefs, which one clafs of readers will think trifling, perhaps tedious ; but which another dais will admire, as furnMhing an accurate and £niihed picture* Though the work .mould not be thought equally Jntcrefting with fome of Mr. P.'s former publications, it will not fell to be well received as an elegant addition to his numerous and valuable. productions. The volume is embeliilhed twith many beau- tiful plates.

ji r t . 1 1 1 . Gleanings through Wales, Holland, and Jlrtflphalia ; nvitt

f^iews of Peace and War at borne and abroad* Second Edition*

revifed. To which is added, Humanity ; or the Rights of Nature,

a Poem. Third Edition, correBed. By Mr. Pratt. In Three

Volumes. 8vo. Price il. is. in boards. Longman. 1796,

It is unequivocal proof of the favourable reception, which this

work has met with from the public, that a fecond edition is fo

fo^n called for : we announce it to our readers in juftice to the

tmtnor, who has fo far paid a candid attention to the ftfggeltiom

pi criticifro, as to make fome material alterations, particularly in

$he> latter part of %kt tltfrd volume, in which he had fainted^ mora

1/Kfs Williams's Sketch*/ the Politics of France. 3*

<<aHy tban the wature of *ns work required, the atrocities , of tlte middle period of the French, revolution. In compaflioVi to the feelings of his .readers, and .* in juilicc to the more manly fyfteai of government now prevailing, he has abridged, or wholly left oat, many of the inftaracesJof horror,' which diigraced the tyranny trf Robcfpierre, whofe'death he jurtry calls the refurrertion of h«- fnanity 4irs fentirnents on this fubject, in their prefent form, are unexceptionable, and every friend of freedom will heartily cpocov in his concluding remarks.

Vol hi. f. 312 — * Thofe jarring atoms which (bake a na- tion, and which are, perhaps, inseparable from revolutions, gii*s ■way to wife, wherteibme, and humane arrangements ; and when wder is called out of that political chaos, though humanity mutr. *v«r Qi udder at the dire ejfect of thofe convulnons which hnvfc preceded fuch arrangements, as tyrants fcldorn long furvrve their victims, we mud venerate the ** end, while we never ceafe to deplore foroe of the means by which it ba3 been brought about.1' \ ' In fine, applying thefe general observations to the particular jnftinoc before us, of the French people.

«*— Now the dread thirft of blood is d*er,

And RtTTHLEtfS *AGE SHALI^ STAIN THEIR CATfSE N#

moke; With hofieft joy alt. nations fliall embrace, Their Gallick foes, and own them of a kindred race :"

The principal additions are, fome elegant tributary lines te Air. Ha (lings, and a complimentary addrefs from Petrarch to Laura Maria (Mrs, Robinfon) — written with great eafe and ten- ^dernefs. In the latter piece, the rhime has feduced the author into the grammatical inaccuracy of thee for thou.

*« O may the nightingale and thee

Still fhare onr tender fympathy.* Wctake this opportunity of correcting a fmall overlight in otrr review of this work: p. 19, Vol. xxiii, where the author's poem, entitled Humanity, is confounded with another entirely tiiitinci performance, entitled Sympathy t dele the words ' fir 11 pubiifked under the title of Sympafty/

•A* t . I V. Letters containing a Sketch of the Politics of France ^ front , the 31^ of May 1793, /*// the 28/A of July 1794, and of the Scents

tvhicb have paj/ed in the Frifons of Paris. By Helen Maria

Williams. VoL 1 V. i2mo. 225 pages. Price 3s. 6d. fewefl.

Robinfons. 1796.

Those readers, whofe feelings have been harrowed with the fcenes of dreadful defolation and favage barbarifm, defcribed in the preceding volume of. thefe letters, will rejoice to be<in fome, meauire relieved from the anguifh of fympathy, by accompanying this truly fentimental writer in her renew of the triumphs of infulted humanity over the minifters of terrour. /To borrow miff Williams's beautiful fimile; their feelings will referable thofe of fhe * weary traveller, who, having patted along paths befet with ffaceer % where bafe anil horrid precipices frowned above, and

tfeep

ftt HISTORY.

deep and dark abyffes yawned below, gaias at length fofcie fair fumrait, from 'whence, while he fh udders to look back, the prot- peel opening before him prefents icenes cheered by vegetation* and foftened into beauty.*

Several of the narratives even in this volume are more than /enough diltreffmg ; but the reader has rhe relief and comfort of finding them terminate happily. The volume commences with an account of the ace u fa no n and punifhment of feveral perfons, who- had been principals in the horrid work of revolutionary murder.

Thefe accounts are followed by a more pleating narrative of the efcapes of innocent perfons from destruction on the revolution of the 10th of Thermidore* Several of thefe, which are too long to be copied, will excite exquifite feelings of fympathy, especially the (lory of the aged prieji and his. A poor Marianne/ The druggies of the jacobins to recover their power and reflore the fyltem of terrour are next related ; and farther particulars are added of the retributive juilicr inflicted on the leaders of the ter- ror ids. For Le Bon, who was tried and executed at Amiens, near the fcene of his guilty prifs W. thus forcibly expreiTes juft fenti^ ments of indignation*

p. 158. — * nlis memory is ip that part of the country held in, unbounded execration. At the mention of his name the mother prefTes her infant clofer to her bread ; and the long catalogue of his- atrocities is recorded by every tongue, and engraved with fa- lutary abhorrence on everjr heart. ' The Le Bons, the Collpts, the Carriers have done their worft; they now fervc as the bea- cons of the revolution, fpreading over the gujph of terrarifm a warning light, and difplaying the horrors of that abyfs, into which, thank Heaven i this refcued people can be plunged no more.'

In relating fome of the incidents relative to the difgraceful ex- • pedition to Quiberon, the writer introduces an aftontthing in- Aance of political fanaticifm, and two admirable examples of he* roic virtue, in the following paragraph and the annexed nqte..

p. 1 6*.— * The misfortunes of the count de Sombreuil's family are indeed fingular, and atFefting. His father, the late governor of the Invalids, a venerable old man, was conliqed in the prifon of the Abbey at the period of the maftacre of feptember, and was condemned to (hare the fate of his unfortunate fellow prifon erf ; when, exalted by the facred enthufiafm of filial piety above all fenfe of perfonal danger, his admirable, his heroical daughter flew to the fcene of horror, forced her way into the prifon, and, unctffmaved at the fight of the executioners whofe bloody fabres were fuipended over her father's head, knelt at their feet, and with the irrefiftible energy of filial tendernefs compcHed them to liften, to the holy cry of nature, fnatched her father from inftant death, and led him through the band of murderers in fafety to his hotne.

« When this interefting young woman was brought, in the days of Jlobefpierre, a prifonef to Port Libre with her father, the prison- ers received her with that refpecliul homage to which her exalted virtue gave her fo high a claim. Every eye was filled with tears at

Mifs Williams's Sketch of th$ Politics of Franc*. 13

die recollection of what (he had differed for her father, over whom toe dill hung like a tutelar angel, preventing his wants, and watching his infirmities. And the monfters who then governed, more oierciiefs than the murderers of feptember, and unmoved - by tf&ions which reflect dignity on our nature, dragged the un- happy old man before their tribunal of blood; while his child, who deferved altars, was doomed to feel with the bitter pangs of unavailing regret^ that Hie had refcued her father from the dag- ger of the atiaflin, only to fee him periih at eighty years of age vpou the fcaffold *.

The

■ > ■—■■■■ II I ■■!■■. . m . ■ .„. m , ,

• * There appears to be a fanaticifm in politics, as well as in religion ; and the fecond of feptember may perhaps be confiRered as the St. Bartholomew of the revolution. Montieur Maron, the proteftant miniver at Paris, has related to me a lingular inftancc of this nature. One of the executioners in thofe days of horrpr was a young man, a proteftant, the fon of a poor and pious widow, who received her (hare of the monthly distribution of alms

f from the church. Being herfelf feeble and infirm, (lie often fent her fon at the appointed times for the donation, who was there* fore perfonally known to monfieur Maron. During the maflacre of feptember, this young man at eight in the morning entered in a hurried manner monfieur Maron's apartment ; his hair difhevel-

1 led, his look wild and disordered, his arms bare and covered with blood; and faid to him in a great perturbation, " Oh raon chet pafleur, nous avons bicn befoin de vos prieres ! Graces a Dieu, nous avons bien travaille cette nuit f I" With other expreffions of the like nature, which indicated a mind ilruggling with its own remorfe as with a feeling that was criminal, and having " bound

fnp his nature to this terrible feat," as to the performance of a great but difficult duty to his country. Moniieur Maron in vaia endeavoured to touch his foul with compunction, and make him feel that the God he invoked was the avenger of crimes fo terri- . bjc — He failed in the attempt; and the aflaflin, with the imme- diate conviction on his mind that he was acting in the pre fence of Omni fcie nee, returned to his work of murder.

• While I am on the fubjecT: of thofe days of carnage, I cannot help obferving, that, while they difplay human nature fullicd by • crimes' which make us blufli for our lpecies, they exhibit more than one folitary inttance of the moll heroical virtue; and the ferocity of the aflaflin is contralted, not only with the filial tender* nefs of the daughter of Sombreuil, but with the fublime magna- nimity of the abbe Guillon, who was a prifoner in the Abbey at that fatal period. An order for the liberty of the abbe Guillon arrived : he was called to the court-yard in the mid ft of the ma fia- cre, and the order was given to him which was to relcue him from

.death. He took the paper in his hand ; which after reading, in- flcad of feizing the means it prefented of efcape, he gatfe back, ^— 1 1 ■ 1 ■- -

• f «• Oh my <|car pallor, ue have much need of your prayers f Thank God, we have worked hard iaft night V

faying,

14 Hisro&n

The remainder of this volume contains a brief review of thf military operations of the French, during the period fpecified in the title, A continuation of tbeie imcreiling fketches may be ex* peeled. l.m. s.

Art. v. Jn impartial yournal of a Detachment from the Brigade of Foot Guards, commencing z$th February , 179^, and ending qth May, 179 1. By Robert Brown, Corporal in the Coldftream Guards, llluftrated with a Map of the Seat of War. 8vo. 273 pages* Price cs. few&l. Stockdale. 1793/

Corporal Brown, convinced, no doubt, by experience, that im-% pilot belief isalmoii a& neceflary a qualification in a foldier as impli- cit obedience, begins by Hating the necefiity that exifted on our part of defending Holland.

On his arrival at Dort, he appears to have been ftrack with the neat* nefs of the houfes, both in fide and out, and he defcribes every article of furniture, either for ornament or ufe, as kept in a ftate of clean!*- aefs and regularity far exceeding any thing he had been accuftemed fo in England.

Bergen-opzoom is faid by him to contain bomb proof barracks for 100,000 men ; the number is here greatly exaggerated.

Every page bears teftimony of the rapacious and cruel difpoiition of the german mercenaries : * Every houfe/ fays he, while defcribtng a beautiful village* ' was plundered in a moft unfeeling manner by the auftrians and others of the foreign troops, whofe hardened hearts nei- ther the entreaties of old age, Hie tears of beauty, the cries of chil- dren, nor all the moving fcenes of the mod accumulated diftrefs, can touch with pity ; nor do they content themfclves with taking what- ever may be ufeful to them, but deftroy whatever they cannot carry away. It would feem the auftriariS are not allowed by their law to" plunder in faeh a degree \ for this day (may 25th) one of their officers 4 detected a foldier plundering a poor woman's houfe of all (he had, when, moted with companion, he ordered him to defift, but he refuf- ing, the officer drew hisfword, and killed him on the fpot.'

Either from the contagion of example, or the diflolutencfs accom- panying a ftate of warfare, our own troops feem to have foon evinced a fimilar difpoiition ; and inftances of wanton robbery, rape, and mur- der, are frequently mentioned.

The following quotation is well calculated to intereft our feel* fogs:

* Throughout our march along the eaft fide of the Scheldt,? the profpeft is exceedingly delightful, woods, enclofures, fields and mea- dows, mixed with the moft beautiful variety ; every hrl J covered with the fineft crops we ever faw, of wheat; barley, iv, flax, &c. and fo rich is the foil, that fome of the rye ftands near eight feet high, and

faying, that there was another abbe of the name of G aillon in the prifon, for whom he faw the order was intended. Having faid this, he returned to die. This is perhaps the noble ft trait ofw Yirtue which has con t rafted the crimes of the revolution.* .

Corporal Brown's Journal. \<

S other, fpecies of grain proportionably exuberant* The iroa of deftructive war has nor yet reached this pleaftnt fpor, and on comparing it with the defoitfted -regifms which we have lately occu* fried, (though the, foil is equally* fruit for in both) it would maketh* ■oft- unfeeling heart lament the fatal* confequences of war. Wherever wego, the ir.oft luxuriant Crops are unavoidably deftroyed, and the bor fertile fields/ now in jane, afllrme the difmal profpeft of rtovera- ber.

' Before the, conquering array the affrighted inhabitants fly, fre- quently leaving their whole dependence behind them, a. prey to the rapacious hand of plunder, which in fpite of all order and difcipKftey too often prevails ; anon- they return with trembling fteps, in hopes to find reKef and fheker, when behold, initxad of their once happy cot- tage, a heap of ruins, air their hopes destroyed for ever, none to pity, ■sue to help!'

The author frequently and feelingly laments the calamities of wai* and philofopiufes, after his own manner, on the ahfurdity of that zeal which induces rival nations to dettroy each other; « nations, between whom no cawfe of complaint ever exifted, but only to fariate the ambft-» Don, avarice ox revenge of a few individuals/

We vera (hocked on reading the following paffages : indeed the fads* contained in it, (if fads they be) are a difgrace to an enlightened

• Or that part of the common neareft Breda, are a great number of criminals hong in chains, four of whom have been lately executed, on* bnktu tffou the <wbs*I, and three hung. One was chained up alpvt ta a high poft refrmbling a crucifix ; one chain goes round under hit tun, one round his loins,, and a third round his ankles ; and in that peftnrc it is faid that he lived three days and part of a fourth.9

ThecBgJifh troops feem to have been much difpleafed with the re* ception given them by the- nation they were fent to defend, and the following extract evinces rather joy than forrow at the conqueil of Holland by the french :

* J)ec. 19, 1 794. Where is now the boefted fecurity of the dutch, with all their inundations ? Behold the hand of omnipotence arreftt Ae rapid current: a. fmooth firm paffage is made over the waves* which all human power and wifdom cannot prevent, and even fcheia • thief defence is made fubfervient to the defigns of the enemy.' ' Wuk the money in our hands*' fays he in another place, • we were anfwered only with a flirug up of the (boulders, nix, nix, nix bread, nix butter* tit Bter> nix brandrwyn for the engUJbmcmS

The retreat in the face of a victorious enemy, in January 1795, ** represented as truly difaftrous : * The frolt was jfo intenfe, that the water which came from our eyes, freezing jbs it fell, hung in ificles to ©or eye-lafoes, and our breath freezing as foon as emitted, lodged in heaps of ice about our faces, and on .the blankets or coats that were wrapped round our heads. Night faft approaching, a great nombe* both men and women began to linger behind, their (pints being quits ohanfled, and without hopes of reaching their deltination ; and if they once loft the column of march, though but a few minutes, it being dark, and no trait (track) to follow, there was no' chance of finding k

r'tu In this ftate numbers were induced to (it down, or creep u&* the flicker of bufhes; where, weary, fpiritlefs, and without hope,

a lew

fS HISTORY*.

* few moments Cotifigne4 them to fleep ; but afas I whoever fitpij, awaked no more i their blood almoit inftantly congealed in their veins, the fpring of life foon dried upland if ever they opened their eyes, it was only to be fcnfible of the laft agonies of their miferabie exift. • ence. .,«;•..,,. '

Upon tne whole, wfe have been entertained by this work ^ and moft beartily wifh in return* that the corporal may be fpeedily promoted td ahaiben.

A*T. vr. Cm^Jpond^nee^iti^fdur/er^haVHifloire de Refold ean*fme Franqaiit i£c. Political. Cofrefpondence relative to the Hiftory of French Republicanifm. By Mallet du Pan. Printed in Swit- zerland* and imported by De BoJFc 8vo. 45 pages. Price 45. 6d. Ma l let du Pan, whofe works we have had frequent occafion to mention, [fee Analyt. Rev. vol. xvn, p. 198, and vol. rfix, p. 62,] although « a citizen of Geneva,' ftill continues the zealot of royalty.

The french republic, we are told by him, was produced in 1791, iti coniequence of the intrigues of ' three confpirators ;' and we learn from a note, that thefe were firiflbt, Condorcet, and Sieves, names to which many good and liberal men have been accuftomea to affix a very dif- . ferent epithet. The firft was executed j the fecond deftroyed himfelf j by poifon, to efcape from perfecution ; and the third, after having ! difputed his life* and loft his liberty under Robefpierre, ' has been con- demned to obfeurity.* Thefe patriots, if we be to believe their ac- cufer* were not poiTefTcd of the requiitte talents for either leading or j ruling the people; although actuated by the moil difgufting pride* \ they preached up the doctrine of equality ; uniting the defpotifm of feclarifts with that originating in a party fpirit; and the obilinacy, to { the intolerance of fell love ; they yet chelated a form of government ! -to France which requires the renunciation of all the paffions.

While pourtraying the hiftory 'of the french republic, the author tells us, that it confifts of a fucceffion of ephemeral and exterminating factions, murdering tach other by turns in the midft of oaths of fraternity, and fwearing to unalterable laws, which are abolifhed at the end of fix months. The tbermidorean revolution overwhelmed a tyrant, without deftioying tyranny, ibrthe jacobins on that occafion were flogged <witb m nvbip of rojes ► Bar re re was ftill permitted to trample on the allies of Its vi&tms, and Carnot, one of his coadjutors, prefides at this very moment over the deftinies of the commonwealth.

M. da Pan then maintains, that the pre fen t ftatc of Europe excludes ' the poffibilicy of a republic, either direclly, or by reprefentation : ■ •DoyoQ wifti/ fays he, * for a republic of equals in the very midft or inequality? that a lacquey mould fir 'in judgment on his mailer? that a butcher mould* become a legiflator ? and that a lawyer mould be placed at the head of the finances?' It is here obvious, that the abbe perverts the meaning of words, and affixes an idea to the term equality difclaimed by it's partifans. Among them, it confifts in being fubj t\cd to the fame laws, and in deriving no advantage, or being expo fed to no injury, from the adventitious circumftance of birt?i. Equal rights are not incompatible with unequal properties, and virtue and education wi J V ftill form diftin&ions among mankind. A imlet or a butcher, in this point of view, might by fome fmgular acci- dent be elevated to the btneb or the tribune^ but tl.cn, this elevation

would

Mallet Da Pan's Hiftory of French RepuUicanifm. ~tj

woold be likelv to proceed from fuperiour merit, and in that cafe the judge, or the iegiflator, would afluredly be refpedable. ^

It h the author's opinion, that one man alone, and not a whole WJemWy, is fitted to form a tolerable code of laws. This idea is fup- porttd by the examples of Lycurgus, Numa, and Alfred, although the frit is fuppofed to have been merely the compiler of ancient inftitutions, ruber than the original propounder of them. Confucius, Mofcs, and Solon, it is obferved, did not utter their crude fchemes before clamorous aflemblies, but meditated in filence. If a legiflative body be incapable of forming a regular fyftem of laws, a fenate, on account of the wis inertia, provided it confift of proprietors of land, is allowed on the other hand to be admirably calculated for the maintenance of municipal inftitotions. We are, however, utterly deprived of the hope of be- folding one of the great geniufes of antiquity in our times ; for we ait told that < Europe can neither fupport nor furnifh a (ingle Ugijlator. I will go (till further/ adds the author; ( it can neither fupport nor fonrUh even a reformer./ The fcience of morality, and that of legifla* tion, have deftroyed both morals and laws : the^ origin of the greateft diforders, to which fociety- is incident, may be dated from that moment, when the learned begin to doubt' the propriety of iv&ntts, in order to eftablift], according to their own caprice, what ought to be. The force, the majefty, and the -fan&ity of laws, ar<f fo effaced in our days, that the greater number of governments fubfift merely by cufiom^ or by- dint of impulfion. If ever a deliverer (hould extricate France from the oppreifions of it's lawyers, and give it a government, this can only occur by means of a Jim pie tapflation, adapted to circumftances. It will be peculiarly fortunate, if he can make the old harmonize with the new prejudices, and produce an agreement between the interefts which preceded, and thofe which have fncceeded the revolution. This would be a frail, but defirable alliance between monarchical au- thority and liberty, which will be unceafingly oppofed by the remem*- hrance of the abfolute power of royalty on one hand, and that of icvoUmonary independence on the other. It will prevent any confu- tation whatever from being durable in France, until time, that fupreme Iegiflator, (hall have amalgamated thefe heterogeneous elements, and Jhflcd the claims of the people. .

' It is alfo an crrour to think, that the fpirit of republicanifm never 'evinced itfelf until the revolution. The independence of manners, the relaxation of duties, the inconfiftency of authority, the impetuo- fity of opinions, in a country where the want of reffe&ion generate! fiumberlefs prejudices; in fhort, the American inoc ueatiow had infafed this fpirit into all thofe claffes who reafoned on political fub* je&s. The gretter part of the difcontented then termed themfelvf* democrats, as they ftill continue to be at this prefent day throughout the reft of Europe/

M. du Pan now turns his eyes towards la VtntUe, where a fuccefsfdl kfiirrettJoo, conceived in the manly mind of Mr. de la Rouerie, and eonfolidated by the genius of Mr. d'Ebee, took place, without inducing a (ingle department to join in it. Even military glory did not pro* cute profclytes. To account for this phenomenon, it is only fuffi- cient, he thinks, to obferve the device affumed by the wttdeans.

•* Ditu st lb Roi I" No ftandard could be more refpeclable ; no motto morcfunple ; but this was in other words exclaiming ; '* Re- ftoie to the clergy it'i property and ft"s immunities ; defpoUftfete hun*

vol. xxiv. C died

-*8 History;

died thoufand -purchafcrs of national domains ; rebuild convents far capuchins ; and prefent us with a king, who fe. family you have of&naed by the moft criminal outrages."

He then allows the folly of attempting to root out opinions b^ . the bayonet ; infifts on the (mall (hare of power poffefled by the nobi- lity of the prefent ,day, in co'mparifon with the Bouillons, the Guifes, and the Armagnacs of a former period. In 1789, although both numerous and opulent, they were of lefs conference in the balance of events, than a fimpje infurredion in the Palais Royal.

Religion has now loft all it's force in great cities, and becomes daily lefs refpefted in the country. Famine may be preiented under •all her hideous forms, but the defpair of faction always invents new refources, which make reafon and humanity (h udder. France ha* indeed fufiered much, but her lofles are relative: they are in propor- tion to the activity of 'a numerous people ; to the extent of a fertile foil, and to the capital of a country enriched by ages of labour, in- dustry, opulence, and genius. They, who in London have predicted fo confidently like Mr. D'lvernois, and lord Auckland, that the anni- hilation of the affi gnats will produce that of the revolution, and the republic, and finally reftore peace, ' are unacquainted with France, the revolution, and it's zealots.' ,

It is one of the moft fantaftical circumftances of the prefent day, to behold the french republic acknowledged in the political hierarchy, at a period when we are allured both the governors and the governed confefs the impoflibility of it's duration. This will be one of the many lingular events refulting from the war : * a war, which will cxhauft trance, without exhaufting the revolution; overwhelm the cation with glory and calamities, without producing any advantage to it's enemies, and refolve aqueftion, which happily remained undeter- mined in 1792— that the revolution will prove more than a match for combined Europe 1*

This is the reafon, he adds, why the war affrighted * the virtuous . and wary Lewis xvi,' and fuch of his counsellors, as, after the exam- ple of that monarch, forefaw the horrours which hoftilities, * far from peing difinterefted in their nature,' would accumulate on the prince, the monarchy, and the nation.

The refponfibility of the prefent war attaches to the girondifis. The king (bed tears on the occafion, and every one muft recoiled the _ fadnefs of his countenance, when he announced to the afiembly the refolution of his council. He infilled, that all the members of the cabinet fhould fubferibe their names to their opinions, and this very paper * is now, perhaps, in the hands of Mr. Morris *.' Lewis xvi, in fhort, deemed the prefent war the tomb of his faintly, of France, and of himfelf; and he requeued, that it might be con filtered merely as an ordinary foreign *war, carried, on between different powers, and thmt the allies Jbould not fuffer any attempt againft the Ugiflative independence $f the nation. ' This is a luminary of the uiftru&ions, which this mo- narch, fo little known, fo foolifhly rftimated, fo unworthily infulted by Grangers equally rafti and ignorant, did mc the honour to confide to me in the month of may 1792, in order that they might be tranf-

. # Mr. Morris, we believe, was at that time minifter plenipotentiary, from America to France, from which office he was difmifled at the cxprefi re^ueft of the government. R.

mittcd

Payne's Geographical Estra8s. 1 9

aittcd to die miniftcrs of the emperor and the king of Prnffia, con- voked at Frankfort for the coronation of his imperial and royal ma- jetty, the adoption of which was to be preffed.' The vanity of the aathor has on thisoccafion fubftantiated the a/Tertions of the judges of Lewis xvi, for we here find htm not only admitting to his confidence , a violent foe to that comtiturion which he had /worn to maintain, but even carrying on a fecrct correfpondence with foreign enemies.

la 1792* the allies commenced a war of ' irruption/ and attacked « a brazen frontier* with icarcdv 80,000 men. Their manifefto was fach as might have been dictated after two victories, for it expofed to their treats and their bayonets full four-fifths of twenty -four millions of foals. The monarchy falls to the' ground ; the jacobins feize the sceptre; La Fayette remains faithful to that royalty which he had before endangered, flees, and is taken. prifoner on neutral ground by the enemy. During the following year, Dumouriez elevates the ftan- dardof royalty, for he never intended to re-eftablilh the conftitution of 1791 ; he is (econded by the prince of Cobourg, and the common- wealth begins to totter; — on this, the proclamation is recalled, and tilt jjfiem ef indemnity and the right of conqueft are declared 1

The abbe concludes his introduction by predicting, that Lonvet and Chenier will end their days like Marat and Danton ; that the prefenC will be followed by two or three more new confutations ; that the love of royalty will furvive all the phantoms of a republic, but that the political architects of France * will place the crown on the head of an aforper, who will be a Have, and not a king : *in fhort, he will be nothing more or lefs than the prefident of a fenate of mamalukes.* . The author, like Mr. Calonne, inn" is on the folly of attempting to ruin the credit of the finances. France her&lf m aft be exhaufted before this can be achieved, for, in his own emphatic language, * while there is a trmfs in a granary t or a crown hi a purfe, this trufs and thai crown, will be at the difpofal of the government.' , o«

Aar. vii. Geographical Extra&s, forming a general View of 'Earth tmd N*furt\ In four Parts : Part I. Curious Particulars refpefttng the Globe-— Various Phenomena of Nature— Winds, Waters, wt Ek&ric Fluid. Part II. Natural Productions of the Earth — Mines* Minerals mid Foffiis— Vegetables, Part III. Animal Productions— ~ Reptiles — Fijhes — Infe&s- -Birds and Fowls— Quadrupeds. Part IV. Peculiarities in the human Species. Illuftrated with Maps. By John Payne, author of the Epitome of Hiftory, 8tc. 530 pages. Price 8s. in boards. Robinfons. 1796.

Th it judicious compiler of the Epitome of Hiftory— for an account *f which, fee Our Rev. Vol. xx, 350, x x 1, 352.— here offers the public a very inftruoHve and entertaining geographical collection, under the heads fpecihed in the title. His plan comprehends a great va- riety of imterefting matter from books of voyages and travels, an4 from other fburces, both englifh and foreign. Without entering into abftrufe reiearches, Mr. P. gives his readers fome general informa- tion on feveral fob j eels of natural philofophy, fo far as was neceflary to prepare the way for fubfequent details : but his principal object lias been to bring together a large collection of facts, refpecting the earth and it's atmofphere, and the feveral parts of nature, mineral, vegetable, and animal. In the fir ft part, the reader will meet with much carious information, concerning the effects of different dc-

C 2 grees

a* CHktDNOtOGY.

J frees of cold and heat in different parts of the world ; concerning everal natural phenomena, as the aurora for talis, tropical meteors; comets, thunder and lightning, and earthquakes j— -concerning winds; waters, rivers, catarafts, fprings, whirlpools, rain and fnow, moun^ tains, volcanoes, bafahie columns, caverns natural and artificial; and earths. In the fetond part, under the head of* minerals will be found accounts of various mines, and metallic works; of the loadftorie; the femimetals, (alt, marble, &c. This part con- cludes with a very curious account of the fonorous ftones of China : under the head of vegetables are defcribed a great variety of plants, among which are tea, coffee, rice, fugar; the garfe tree, the leaves of which drop water ; the fpices — rhubarb, quinquina, betel, opium; manchineel, the poifonous upas of Java, the paper tree of China, the cotton tree, &c. In the third part are defcribed a great variety of curious reptiles, fifties, infe&s, birds, and quadrupeds domefHc and wild. The fourth part gives an account of the albinoes or white negroes, of american indians, of men with goitres, of wild men, dwarfs, and giants, and of favages brought to Europe.

To attempt to convey an idea of the entertaining information con-- tatngd in this vtrtume, by making an extract or two, would be like taking a brick from the wall of a houfe as a fample of the building.

It is proper to obferve farther, that Mr. P. has not confined him- felf, in his extracts, to books of voyages and travels, but has had reconrfe to various other authors in explaining the phenomena and productions of nature. Wherever he has feen occafion, he has al- tered the expreflion of his authors, in order to produce an unifor- mity of flyle. On the whole, Mr. B. is entitled to much praife for the pains which he has beftowed upon this compilation: he has pro- vided a courfe of reading in natural geography, which may very pro- perly be, put into the hands of young people, and which will be verr acceptable to thofe who have not leifure to pcrufe, or oppor- tunity to procure larger works. By printing the work in a unall type On a large paper, the writer has been enabled to give more matter* than is to be found in many a quarto volume. .

Art. viii« Chronological Tables : beginning with the reign of Sole- mn, and ending with the Death of Alexander the Great. With a Prefatory Dijcourfe. By the late Thomas Falconer, of Chefter* Efq. 4to. 305 pages. Price 15s. in boards. Oxford, Cla- rendon Prefs. Sold in London by Cadell and Davies. 1796. To reprefent any branch of ftady as exhaufted, is either the miftake of ignorance, or the pretence of indolence. Few fnbje&sr have been more induilrioufly investigated than ancient chronology ; and the labours of Ufher and Newton, of Petau and Dufrefnoy, of Blair and Play fair, and of innumerable other writers on this robjec't, may feem, to fuperficial inquiry, either to fuperfede the neceffity of further refearch, or to determine the impracticability of attaining far-' ther fatisfa&ion, concerning the order and dates of events in the more remote periods of ancient hiftory. The work which now comes before us is, however, a proof, that learned induftry, guided by found judgment, cannot labour in vain. The late Mr. F., a corrett

and

Falconer's Chronologic*! TthUr. 21

And well read fcholar of the oxonian fchool, finifhed for the J>re& fhefe chronological tables, with a large prefatory .diflertation. Since the author's death, the work has* been preferred by his brother. Dr. Falconer of bath, tp the univerfity of Oxford ; and it now if- foes from the Clarendon prefs, to refleft honour upon the memory of )Ar. F., am} upon his alma mater, from time immemorial the nurle of found learning. '

In drawing up thefe tables, the learned author had in view the fpeci&c objects, of correcting the iniftakes, which feveral former cnronologers had committed, in ad jailing the reigns of {he jewifh kings to thofe of the eaftern monarchs, and filling up the dark in- terval between the ceflation of the jewifti hiftory and the certainty of that of Greece. In order to arrange the fcattered fa&s of the jewifh hiftory from the time of the captivity, Mr. F. has had re* courfe to the era of NabonaiTar, commonly called the canon of Ptolemy the aftronomer, but appealed to, as an authentic regifter ofaftronomical obfervations, near three centuries before Ptolemy, by Hipparthus. By means of this table, which is a lift of kings who reigned at Babylon from NabonaiTar to Alexander, with the years of each fet down, and the aggregate of the whole, Mr. F. is mrniihed with what he judges to be an authentic feries of reigns, beginning before the jewifh hiftory is clofed, and not ending till the greek hiftory can be determined by warranted criteria. By the help of this era, the author is enabled fo to conned facred with profane hiftory, as to remove the principal difficulties in both. The- plan, which differs materially from that of Prideaux and other writers upon the fubje&, appears to caft new light upon this obfcurp part pf ancient hiftory.

The author fupports his arrangements by an elaborate difcourfe, in which the dates of the reigns of the median, ethiopian, and egyptian kings, of the roman confuls, and of the kings and ephorj of Sparta are examined, and feveral particulars in facred and profane hiftory are chronologically elucidated. Of the latter, the principal are, the founding of Carthage ; the captivity of jehoiakim, and of Jehoiachin ; the firft fiege ofjerufelem ; the burning of the temple ; the BeHhazzar of Daniel ; the hiftory of Cyrus ; and the ftate of the jews from their return under Cyrus to the death of Alexander. The prefatory di&ourfe concludes with an attempt to fettle the dates of feveral leading events in the early hiftory of Greece, fuch as, the expedition of the Argonauts, the war of Troy, the return of the Heraclids, the ionic migration, the fettlement of the fpartan polity by Lvcurgus, &c. in thefe and other parts of the tables, where Hftoncal proof is wanting, and conjecture is indulged, the author diitinguiihes this uncertain evidence from what is founded on more authentic data, by marking thefe fa&s, and others grounded on them, with ao afterifk, that the reader may no farther depend upon the dates than the arguments may fupport: a diftinftion which ought to have been made in all chronological tables.

It muft be obvious to every reader, that investigations of this kind require minute details, which do not admit of .an analyfisi and we fhouldnot be thought to caft any (light upon this very, va- luable publication, were we to confine ounelves to a general account

C 3 of

£2 CHRONOLOGY.

of it's contents, Wc (hall, however, lay before our readers an ex- tract from that part of the prefatory difcourfe, in which the author illuftrates the utility of his tables as a remitter of the civilization of Greece, and digrefles into a brief inquiry into the origin of the fine arts : we fhall ftleft Mr. F.y& hiftorical account of fculpturc.

p. 38. — € All the ancient writers have agreed in dividing it Into two periods ; the latter of which begins with the age of Phidias. Strabo afcer tains thefe ages very exactly, though rather foreign to his fub« Je& ; for, in describing the temples of Ephefus, there *re fonJfc which he calls ancient, and in thefe were *zx*i* £6af*, antique Wooden figures *. In the other temples built, '» & t©£ vripv, in after times, he tranfgreffes from his ufual form, and defcribes three ftatues in particular, which were probably of the age of Phidias and Scopas. Pliny andj'autanias abound in examples of this divifion of the periods: the former, when difcourfing of Myron, fays, " capil- lum non emendajtius fecifle quam rudis anti^uitas inftituiflet f ." This rudis antiquitas means what is called the age of Daedalus and his fcholars, who improved but little on the models brought from Egypt J. However, as we have fome dates in Pliny which fix the progreffion of this art with tolerable accuracy, we (hall briefly touch on the hiftory of this period from the earl ie ft times ; though the vague and nearly fabulous relations of Daedalus form fome embarrafl*- jnent in fixing the, commencement of this era, Diodorus Siculus and Faufanias agree in fuppofing there was an artift of that name who worked for Minos, in Crete, and built a labyrinth at Gnofliis, of . which no veitige was left, in the time of Auguftus $. Homer, in his 1 8th Iliad/ does mention a A«i£«Aof, who formed a dance for Ariadne ; but, as he ufes the fame word a few lines after adje&ively, to fignify artificially made\U he might mean by the former no more than what the word imports, an ingenious artift. Euftathius interprets Homer as meaning that Daedalus only invented the dance Itfelf, and not that he worke4 it in either wooa, flpne, or metal ##.

' ' ' ■ n

' • Strabo, 1. xiv. p. 640. Ed. Paris,

* f Plin. 1. xxxiv. c. 8. p. 651. Ed. Harduin. alt. The whole paftage is beautiful, and marks a very refined tafte.

' % Strabo allows that the carved figures on the walls of the tem- ples in Egypt reftmbled the tyrrhenian,. and the ancient greek fculpturcs, 1. xvii. p. 806. Ed. Paris*

< $ What is now fhewn for the labyrinth, is a winding paflage in a mountain near Gortyna, diftant from GnofTus. Cedrenus icemt to have been the firft blunderer on record who miftook this for the old labyrinth* 'See his Compend. Hill. p. 100 ad imum, Ed Bafil, 1566.

' || Iliad, xviii. I, 593, and after, 1. 61 1.

« •• There was one great work of Daedalus, or at leafi afcribed to him, the fepulchre of JEpytos, mentioned by Paufanias, which may give us an idea of that period* It was a heap of earth, of a moderate fize, furrounded with a ftone wall* Arcad. 1* viii. p. 482, fid. Xyland.

■Tht

Falconer's Cbrtnahgical Tables. lj

* The ftatues of Daedalus, mentioned by Paufania*, were all of wood, and refembled, as we may fuppofe, the Egyptian ; for Philo- Jtratos fays, that the ftatue of Memnon was formed with the feet joined together, and the arms refting on the feat, after the manner of cutting figures in the age of Daedalus*. Such was probably the figure of Minerva in Troy, mentioned in the 6th Iliad, which feems to hare been in a fitting pofture. We have no remains of thefe rude ages; but the forms of the Juno of Samos, carved by Smilis of i£gina; kid to be contemporary with Daedalus, and that of the Diana of Ephefus, by the hand of Endaeus or Fndyus, a pupil of Daedalus, are preferved on the medals of their refpedttve cities f. Thefe re- ' _ presentations give a very unfavourable idea of the Dsedalean age ; yet we have no reafon to doubt their authenticity, for the artifts of polifhed times would never have difgraced their coinage with foch uncouth figures, had they not been exalt refemblances of objects made Venerable by fu perdition. Some more of thefe wooden ftatues arc described as exifting at Thebes, Lebadea, Delos, and Crete, to the reign of Hadrian. They were nearly deftroyed by age ; and yet Paufanias, fired by religious and antiquarian enthufiafm, could find in them % fometbing divine \ but what it was he does not explain. Some other of thefe ftatues were plated with gold, and their faces painted red, viz. two of Bacchus, in the forum of Corinth; which give us but an indifferent idea 6f the tafte* of that period. The Ve- nus of Delos had only a head and arms, with a quadrangular baits in- fiead of feet ; which Ihews that thefe fculptors had improved but little on the rude ages of Greece, when unhewn ftones, or at bell cut into a quadrangular form, were the only emblems of their di- vinities. Yet even thefe figures were not, I think, introduced into european Greece till after the days of Homer. The name of Daedalus was, we know, given to artifts long after the athenian Daedalus is fuppofed to have flourifhed. Paufanias himfelf mentions one of Sicyon of that name, which he feems to confound with rhe , Daedalus mentioned by Homer. Dipoenus and Scyllis, according to Pliny, weie the founders of the fchool of fculpture in Sicyon, and were the firft who were celebrated for carving in marble. They Aouriihed, fays the fame author, in the 50th oympiad, which is very probable ; for at that period the ftates of Greece were be- ginning to cultivate their talents, and to fettle a form of govern- ment. Paufanias, by a flrange anachronifm of above 400 years, lays, that Dipoenus and Scyllis were the fons of that very Daedalus

* ♦ Philoftratus de Vita Apollonii, 1. vi. c. 4.

* f The Diana of Ephefus is too well known to be defcribed. The Juno of Samos may be found on many medals. See particularly one of Maximinus in Vaillantii Seleft. Nuimfmata ex Mufeo Abbatia de Camps. For many of thefe anecdotes the reader is referred to Athenagone Legatio, p. 66. Ed. Ox. 1682*

' t One quotation may ferve for many. K«» wXntrUf |o«m» yvptlw

*r*ro9 *ro**ntf* fit? if » t< fir ty», iwt*fi*n il fy*«? t) x«i 'ENGEON r*4r*f . Paulan. L ii. p. 92. Ed. Xyland.

C 4 who.

24 CHEONOLOGT*

who lived fo long in Crete *. Pliny ndeed fays, they were Cretans by birth, but that they fettled at Sicyon f» Is it not then more likely that they were inftruded lone after by Daedalus Sicyauus, and that the identity of names was the fource of the error?

' However celebrated thefe artifts were for marble fculpture, yet the mod noted performance from their hands were cot in ebenns, a fort of lignum vitse, with pieces 6f ivory interfperfed ; a practice mqch improved afterwards J. Te£feeus and Angelion were the fcho- lars of IMpcenus: they carved the Apollo at Dclos, and Gallon their pupil the ftatue of Minerva Sthenias, in the citadel of Athens, about the 6 1 ft olympiad. The other memorable pupils of this v fchool were Theocles and Doriclydas, both lacedzmonians, whofe ' works were to be feen, as Paufanias informs us, in his time at Elis §.

* The . fchool of Chios, formed by Malas about the fame time with that of Sicyon, or probably before, was ftill more noted. Bu~ palus and Authermus || carved well in the 6oth olympiad ; fome of whofe works had a place in the palace of Auguftus Caefar. Yet even in this period we are uncertain whether the greeks knew the art of cafting ftatues in metal. The oldeft brafs ftatue known in Greece, was one of Jupiter, in the Chalcicecos of Laconia**, in which the limbs had been feparately formed, and then tailed together ; yet this imperfedt'eflay was afcribed to Learchus, a fcholar of Dipcenos, who muft have lived about the 53d or 54th olympiad. So little was this art known in the fchool of Sicyon, when it was. celebrated for marble fculpture. About the 63d olympiad we find the names of Rhcecus and Theodoras, both of Samos ; the fiune who built the temple of Juno, in the reign of Polycratcs, and pra&ifed the art of cafting ftatues with fuccefs.

' From hence, I think, the fchools of Sicyon and Chios divide this period into two parts. The Dssdalean, or barbarous age, ceafes in the 50th olympiad; the middle age, which gave better forms to the human figure, but not the laft polifh, nor an exadt reprefentation of the minuter parts, may be extended to the 83d olympiad; when . the great genius of Phidias broke out at once with full luftre in the Jupiter at Olympia, and the Minerva at Athens. Paufanias has de- scribed the former of thefe with great accuracy ; and Livy the hif- torian, with a fublimky of expreflion almoft equal to the ideas of the artiftf points out in a few words its effect on the beholder. Pan* lus iEmilius, fays that invaluable writer, travelling through Greece, entered the. temple, to furvey the coloflal ftatue; when, " Jovejn velut praeferttem intuens, motus animo eft ft*" ^ ls generally known that this figure was compofed of ivory, and ornamented with gold ; a practice of great antiquity in the Eaft : but few con- iider tne difficulty of executing a grand idea with fo minute mate* rials J J. If any other graces were ftill wanting Li fculpture, the

fkill

/ # Paufan. 1. ii. p. 1 1 1. ( f Plin. 1. xxxvi. c. 4. p. 724.

J Paufan. 1. u. p. 125. § Ibid. 1. v. p. 319. || Plin. 1. xxxvi.

C. 5. p. 724. ** Paufan. 1. iii. p. 194. ft Liv. I. xlv. c. 28. , ' tt The reader may receive a flight hint on this fubje& from Paa&nias, in his defcription of a Jupiter at Megan. The head was

of

Smyth oh the Jail Di/lemper 2j

ftitl of Praxiteles and Lyfippus gave thofe finiftied touches whfch produced fublimity in (mall figures, without diminifhing their ele- gance. Such was foiljjture in the days of Alexander. Some fpeci- mem of this era are moft probably even now to be feen at Rome and Florence, viz. the Medicean Venus, the Hercules Farnefe, and . tie Belviderian Apollo. The great genius of Michael Angelo was " unequal to the imitation of thefe figures ; and mould we conceive them to be the production of a later age, as that of Auguftus, or even later^as that of the Antonines, it will only raife our ideas of the age of Alexander, to find that the beft artift of modern times was injferiourto thofe fculptors who, by the general confent of antiquity, were themfelves below the merits of a Phidias or Praxiteles."

This work is highly deferving the attention of all who are en- gaged jn hiflorical enquiries, or fond of biblical learning, d. m.

medicine.

tf ivory and gold ; the body of fome kind of parget, amXov *) *} ytyw. This deficiency was occafioned by the poverty of the me- jprenfiani, having been greatly diftrefled by their wars at Athens; for the inhabitant?, in order to prove their intention of making the whole figure of the fame rich materials with the head, (hewed Pau* Janias in the apartment behind the temple, the half-worked timbers, &A» np'vfya, which Theocofmus, a native, was to have covered with ivory and gold. Hence we may conclude the model was of wood* and the ivory little more than fineering. From the natural elafticity of ivory, thefe figures were affected by the variation of the weather; and feme precautions were therefore always employed to preferve them. The Jupiter at Olympia was fprinkled with oil ; the Mi- nerva at Athens with water ; and the ^Bfculapius at Epidaurus had a well under the throne, to keep up a proper degree <>f moifture* Parnan. 1. v. p. 308.

' The pelleneans preferred a fine figure of Minerva, .carved by Phidias, by a rill of water underneath, to give a conftant fupply of moift air; for, fays our author, >6r*o» t* iMfam wt^jof. Th$ difficulty of execution, with the attention neceflary to the preferva- tion of ivory figures; put a flop to the progrefs of this art. I (hall Only cite one further in (lance of the Phidian (kill, mentioned by Tzetzes in his Chiliads; but with I had an older authority. It is this. In a conteft with Alcamenes, his pupil, to form an image of Minerva, which was to be placed far above the eye, he contrived* by the knowledge of optics, to make it appear beautiful when in its ftaet, though extremely deformed when on the fame level -with the eye. This example, if true, (hews Phidias to have been fuperiour to his contemporaries, or any who followed him. Thofe who have not Tzetzes, may confult Junius, de PicL Vet* p. 147, 146.9

michael

%6 MEDICINE*

michael Smyth, m.d. f.i.s. Fellow of the Royal College of

ivficians, and Phyfician Extraordinary to His Majefty. 8vo. 8 pages. Price 49, in boards. Johnfon. 1795.

Art. x. An Account of the Experiment made at the Defire of the Lords Commijponers of the Admiralty % on Board the Union Hofpital Ship) to determine the Effecl of the Nitrous Acid in defraying Con* tagion, and the Safety with which it may he Employed. In a Let* ter addrej/ed to the Right Hon. Earl Spencer, &V. tsfc . £sV . By the fame. Publifhed with the Approbation of the Lords Com- jniffioners of the Admiralty. 8vo. 76 pages. With a Scdion of the Ship. Price is. 6d. lb. 1796.

Neither the peculiar nature of contagions, nor the manner in which they operate in producing difeafr, are yet well under* flood by phyiicians ; but the investigations of Ruffe!, Lind, and Clark, have contributed much to render us better acquainted with the effedts which they produce on the human constitution, as well as with the means of removing them i and the more recent inqui- ries of doftor Haygarth, with the important falls and obferration* pf doctor Rufh, have probably brought us (till nearer the truth on this curious but difficult fubjce>.

Availing himfelf of the ex ten live field of inquiry which the fub- je& affords, the author of the prefent work ha* not merely gope over the old ground, but has made con fide r able additions to the knowledge we poflcflca1 of contagion, and of the means of defiroy- ing it. In his reafonings the dodor is in general clear and con- fident; and his obfervations are moftly judicious and pertinent; , but by thofe WI19 have not been much accuftomed to the practice in crouded hofpital s, among contagious diforders, he will proba- bly be thought too minute on what they may confider trifling matters. The experienced practitioner will, however, readily fee the neceflity as well as utility of being attentive even to the mod trivial circumflanccs, where contagion is prefent.

The fever, which is here defcribed, is the jail diftemper which raged during the faring and fummer of the year 1780, among the fpanifli prifoners in the King's Houfe at Winchefter. From va- rious circumftances which are here fully detailed, the author fecros to have laid afide his original intention of bringing the prefent work before the public, until the following occahon ren- dered it neceffary.

Pref. p. iv. — * Laft fummer,' fays he, • I was again led to rc- vife my notes in confequence of an application from Dr. Morris, no lefs flattering to me than honorable to him. This gentleman * (the fon of Dr. Morris, phyfician to the army in America, and himfelf a phyfician to the army) having witnefled the deftru&ive ravages of a contagious fever that broke out on board the heffian tranfports at the Me of Wjight, and which afterwards fpread among ft the troops itationed in that quarter, was defirops to bo informed of the methods I purfued, in the treatment of the Wtn- chefier fever, and in destroying the peftilential contagion which occalioned it. Jn compliance then with his withes I began to (Otike l'oinc abstracts from Iny notes on this fubjed, .but I foon

perceived

Smyth on the Jail Diftemper. %j

perceived fbat the account would be much more complest ant fatisfa&ory, and that it would be attended with very little more trouble to myfelf, if I executed my original plan- And although the doing it in this hurried manner, upon the fpur, 1 may fay, of the occafion, might caufe fome little inaccuracies in the ftile pr execution, yet as my chief object was general utility, if I fuc- ceeded in that, 1 flattered myfelf the public would readily excufe any trivial faults or omifiions.'

TTbe author's hiftory of this fever is in moll parts more/ull and more complete than that which has been given by other writers* having colle&ed his materials from an attentive observation of the appearances of the difeafe in others, as well as from what he him* felf felt in two fevere attacks of the complaint.

p. io.—* The difeafe in general,' fays, he, « attacked fuddealy. and the ftomach was always the part fir ft affected ; a very dit- agreeable feeling and finking at the prxcordia, or at what is cal- led the pit of the ftomach ; a degree of naufca and giddinefs. wore the firll fymptoms, which were foon accompanied with a pain immediately above the eyes and at the temples, or a dull pain at the back part of the head. The lick complained alfo in the be- ginning of coldnefs and chillinefs, feldoin of thirft> always of great wea^nefs and debility, had a tremor upon them, fighej frequently, and when afked any queftions about their complaints, uaivcrfally put their hand to the region of the ftomach, exprcfling id the ftrongeft manner, that there was the chief feat of their un- eafinefs and fufferings ; their countenance was commonly pale and dejeded, and their eyes looked dull and heavy, though the tttoica albuginea of the eye' was of a clear white ; their tongue was moift, and covered with a cream, coloured flougb or mucus ; they were in general coftive, with the abdomen tenfe and hard ; the pulfe was for the molt part fmall and fluttering, in fome few iplhinces it was but little altered from a natural ftate, although the danger was not lefs on that account. The fick feeined always drowfy, and commonly remained in a ftate of dozing or (lumbering during the whole courfe of the difeafe ; but when fpoke to they awoke readily, and when quite awake gave diftind anfwers to any queftions put to them. Few were permanently delirious or co- ipatofe, unlefs for fome fhort time before their death, and many, as I was informed by the fpanilb clergyman who attended thein, were fenfible to the very laft.'

Although the furgeon of the hofpital reported, that in the commencement of the difeafe, in fome of thofe patients that were firll attacked, fwel lings of the parotid glands and petechia were obfenred ; the author did not meet with either ' difcolorations ofthefkin, miliary eruptions, hemorrhages, fwcllings of the pa- rotids, or buboes, as fymptoms of the difeafe.*

In this fever Dr. &. found a ftrong confirmation of a remark; that has been frequently made by medical writers on this fubjeft, viz. that the danger cannot be eiH mated by the ftate of the pulfe or from the ordinary fymptoms of the difeafe.

in the do&or's description of his own cafe there are fome curi - Mi drcuraftancc* which deferve attention. We find a full proof

of

ftf MEDICIK*.

of a fact not yet well explained by phyficiana, though noticed by the generality of thofe who have defcribed the jail di ft em per. It is the circumftanctf of patients feeling no inconvenience from the action of the contagion, until their being expofed to the influence of the open air.

The author further remarks on his own cafe, p. 17, that * ;hc uncafinefs and oppreflion caufed a conllant involuntary fightng, whilft the fenfation of heat gave me the idea of liquid fire fpreaJ- ing from my ftomach acrofc my bread, along the courfe of the pectoral mufclcs, and down the in fides of my arms to the extre* snities of my fingers. The heat however was not uniformly the fame, but feemed to come in flaflies, as if frefh inflammable mat-- ter had ocean* onally been thrown on the fire. Notwith flan ding thofe dreadful fenfations, I perceived that my pulfe was regular, and that the frequency of it was by no means in proportion to the degree of heat and oppreffion. in the morning, about fevea o'clock, I took an opening medicine, con fitting chiefly of rhubarb and kali vitriolatum j after the operation of which 1 drank foroc tea ana1 attempted to drefs myfcjf ; but, when out of bed, I found jnyfelf fo extremely weak that I could hardly fland, and fo giddy that I was unable to walk acrofs the room without rifk of falling, and my hands trembled in fuch a manner that I could not write. My tongue was moift, but compleatly covered with cream co* loured mucus ; I alfo felt cold and chilly, and was obliged to, have a fire made in my room. During the day I could eat no- thing ; even the fmell of any kind of broth or animal food occa- Honed ficknefs, and was particularly <difgu(Hng to me.'

After pointing out with much clearnefs the fymptoms peculiar to this difeafe ; the doctor proceeds to defcribe the principal caufes that contributed to the mortality of this fever ; in wind} he feems to agree pretty much with the authors who have pre* ceded him in defenbing fevers of the fame kind.

We come next to a fubjeel which is much more involved in ob- fcurity, * the nature of the contagion, which gives rife to the jail and hofpital fevers.9 In order to attempt the explanation of this difficult fubjeel, Dr. S. confide rs it under four different points of Yiewl ift. How it is generated; adly, in what manner it i*pro: pagated, with the circumllances more or lefs favourable to its comimication ; 3dly, it's effects on the human body ; and, 4tblv, the means of weakening it's virulence, or of entirely deftroyingit. He ajfo very properly arranges oonragious fevers under two dif- tinci claffes. "*Thc firft he terms fpectfic cdntagions as not arifing from any general quality, or proceis of nature, with which we are acquainted. The fecond clafs he calls general contagion^ as arifing from a general caufe.

Though we readily admit the ingenuity and force of the author's reafoning on the probability of thcie kinds of fevers depending on futtefaHion ; there would however fecm to be fome other caufc operating in their production. A chemical caufe, which appears to have been entirely overlooked, would feem to us to have at leaft feme fhare either in the'predifpofition to thele fatal diftempcrs, or in the prod u&ion of them. It is very well known, that in cloie fit up- turns

Smith on the Jail Difteutptr. ?#

ionsi whenever a number of people are crowded together one of the conflituent principles of the furrounding atmofphere is very quickly impaired* or deftroyed, if frefh air be not as fpeedily fup- piied, which cannot be the cafe in thefe fituatiqns; Therefore the deficiency or lofs of oxjgtnt principle^ in the air which is con* flantly inhaled by perfons in clofe and confined places, may pro* bably have fome eftccl in producing thefe deftruclive diforders. Indeed the well known fact of the ncceffity of a frequent renewal of frefh air, as well as the pale, languid, and debilitated appearance of perfons under thefe circumftances, are ftrong proofs in favour of the conclufion. But however this matter maybe, there can* not he ariy doubt, that contagious fevers * are propagated by an immediate communication with the tick either by means of con- tad or contiguity/ How far the contagious atmofphere extends is not eafily ascertained : Dr. Haygarth ha* found it more limited in fome contagious difeafes than was fuppofed, and our author does not appear to have gone any farther. He differs in opinion with the above phyfician, in fuppofing, that clothes and furniture may imbibe the contagious vapour to fuch a degree as to be capa- ble of communicating it. The jail diftemper, andja/hathe calls putrid contagions are alfo, he thinks, very frequently communi- cated in this way.

p. 46.—* Indeed, wherever a vapour can be diftinguifhed by the fmell, we have the demon ft rat ion of our fenfes for what a length of time, not only clothes, but furniture, and even the boards and walls of houles will retain it : therefore, in refpect to the contagion of the jail or hofpttal fever, we may fafely affirm, that it affedU not only thofe who are immediately expofed to the

1 original atmofphere, but that this contagion may certainly be

i communicated by the clothes of perfons who have tor any length of time been confined in it; and, what is ftill more furprifmg,

' even when the perfons themfelves have fuffered no injury, nor

[ had any difeafe in confequence.

[ * This fad being afceitained, we cannot wonder if thofe who are feized with the jail fever, owing to fuch communication, would during their illnefs generate a contagious vapour ; but, however paradoxical it may appear, 1 have never obferved that the nek propagated the difeafe fo readily, as the bodies agd clothes of thofe who, though well, had been long confined in the original atmofphere. From my own- experience alfo, I am led to con* dude, that there is little rifle of receiving the contagion from dead bodies, even from differing them, provided the furgeon does not cut himfelf during the ditfe&ion, the confequence of which haft generally proved fatal. ^ >

4 There are feveral other circumftances, worthy of notice, that increafe or dirainifli the facility with which contagion is commu- nicated. Unlefs where contagion is very powerful, k is feldom propagated la the open air ; I knew only one inftance of this at Wiachcfter. It is much more certainly eommunicated in a room, *od especially if there is a current of air, from the contagious perfon to others capable of being affecled. A moifl atmofphere is

; alio more favourable to the communication of contagion than a.

JO -- MEDIC1H1.

dry one* A contagious perfon becomes greatly more fo, if hie clothes are wet, and his body heated by exercife, fo as to be in a ftate of perfpiration. Thoie idol fufceptible of contagion are* young perfons, particularly if they' come diredly from a pure air into the infecled atraofphere ; perfons whofe minds are ©pprefled with fear or anxiety ; or who have been weakened by previous? illnefs ; even tbofe who have been fatigued, or are failing, more readily than others whofe ftrength has not been impaired, or which has been again recruited with food. It has been farther remarked, that perfons who have ifiues are feldocn afe&ed by con- tagion.'

On the effects of febrile contagion Dr. S. is very (bort, he thinks mil the fevers of th* jail kind, from the fiighteft vernal in- termittent to the true plague, are merely different (hades of the - fame difeafe, and the production of one common caufe, pmtrtfoc? tian. In. fupport of this pofition the author has not adduced any fa&s, he however intends to treat the fubjed more fully in another work.

We now proceed to a more important part of our author's la- bours, the means which he adopted lor the prevention and de- ftra&ion of the jail contagion. After fully con fide ring the moft probable means of removing and deftroying the contagion, the do&or, in our opinion, very judkioufly fixed upon the ufe of mineral acids in a ftate of vapour. The mode of employing them in this way with fafety was a ci re urn fiance, that oppofed the greatefi difficulty to his exertions. The fumes of fulphur were well known to be highly noxious to animal life, and to be incapa- ble of being made ufc of either in bofpitals or in the wards or a prtfon. The dd&orfs obfervations having however previoufly led hkn to conclude, that the vapOur of the nitrous Acid did not affe& the breathing in the fame dangerous way, he ventured upon R'« ufe» and his fucoefs at. Winchester, and in fome trials made at the Middlefex hofpital, feem fully to juftify it's employment as a fafe and powerful mean of destroying contagion.

The methods which Dr. S. adopted at Winchefter, for purify* iog the prifon and hofpital wards, are thus defcribed :

p. 56.—* Upon my arrival at Winchefter, the firft object that feemed to claim my attention, was the enlargement of the hof- pital ; which I found could eaiily be accomphChed, as there were feveral empty wards adjoining, that might, in a few days, be fitted up for the reception of the tick. I therefore gave orders that this fhould be immediately done : at the fame time, to infure the free admiifion of air, fo neceffary for their recovery, I directed that the cafements of moft of the windows fhould be removed, and the windows leverboarded * ; that the chimneys in the different wards ihould be contracted into narrow flues, and a fire kept conftantly in each ; and that, clofe to the cieling, circular openings fhould be made in the walls feparating the different apartments, which would allow an uninterrupted circulation of air through the whole,

* * The name given by the tradefmen to a coarfe kind of Vene- tian window-blind/

5 cow

Smyth oh the Jml Dijlemper. 3*

40* capacious enough, with the propofed additfan, to Contain three hundred men. But, whilft 1 was engaged in this moil n*- ceflary work, my attention was called on°, by information I re- ceived of the fick lift incrcafing fo rapidly that, unlefs fome check was given to the contagion, the addition made to the hofpital, and twice as much, would foon be inefficient for the accommodation of, thofc who were daily feized with the diftemper. I now per- ceived that I had begun at the wrong end of the bufinefs ; that it iris neceflary to give my firft attention to the prifoners, and, al- though I might not immediately fucceed in destroying the contfr- jion, I muft at leaft endeavour to leflen the violence of it ; that, this being clone, I (hould have room enough for the fick, and fuificicnt leifure to attend to them. I therefore, after again es- soining with attention the prifoners and prifon wards, adopted the following plan.

4 I divided the whole of the prifon wards into four parts ; and,

lodging the prifoners, which could eafily be done, in three of

thofe parts, 1 fet afide the fourth for the purpofe of purification, ,

which was conducted as follows :

*« After removing all the hammocks, bedding, &c» from the

wards, they were firft thoroughly cleaned out ; then the hammock

pofts were well waihed with diluted marine acid, and the £ame

thrown, by means of garden watering machines, to the upper

parts of the pofts, as high as the cieling. The wards, when dry,

were clofely (hut up, and pots placed in them, at different diftan*

ces, containing from half a pound to a pound of nitre, which wan

deflagrated by an iron heater, put into each pot. The wards

were then fhut up for fome hours, and, when opened, were ex-

pofed to a free ventilation. After this procefs had been once or

twice repeated, the wards were again furnifhed with frelh ham-

nocks, palliaties* and bedding, inftead of the old bedding, &e»

which was entirely taken away. Having thus prepared the ward*,

1 ordered as many of the prifoners, as could be lodged in them,

to be taken to the river in companies, about one hundred at a

time* They were there dripped, waflied, and new clothed : aU

their old clothes being carefully removed, they were brought back

to the prifon, and lodged in the. prepared wards. The good

effect ot this plan, fo far as it could be carried into execution,

was immediately felt; as none of the prifoners*, fo managed,

were afterwards feized with the diftemper ; but, as we could not

procure a fufikieat quantity of frcfli clothes and bedding, we

were obliged to fupply this defect by fumigating and purifying

thofe which we had taken away, and delivering them again to

their owners.

• We employed tjie new clothes and bedding for the fecond dmfon, as we had done for the firft. The third division of the priibners was treated in the fame manner, and the fame means ware employed for purifying the different prifon wards ; the effects of which, in effacing, the contagion, appeared directly, from the great diminution in the number of the fick. Fearing, however,

— — *^» ■ m ■ 1— ■ - ■« in < ■ < ii 1 — .i. m

* * About three hundred.'

that

J! MEDICINE. t

that the diftemper might again break out amongft thcra, from fornV latent feeds of contagion ftill adhering to the clothes or bedding, 1 deured that the priloners fliould every morning be reviewed, and particularly examined refpe&ing their health, oy their own fur* {eon ; and, as the fpaniards were by this time fenfible of the at* tention paid to them, and already experienced the good effects of it, they now of themfelves (what at firft could not be obtained without compulfion) took out their hammockt every day to the miring ground, and, when the weather would admit of it, expofed their* bedding to the open air durinV the greater part of the dajv 1 had alfo a (hed erected for their walking under when it rained and a ward or two fet apart for their dining, and did not faffier them to enter the wards where they flept, until the evening; taking care to have thefe wards fumigated; and well ventilated every day/ .

We have laid this full account of the' author's mode of mana< ting the prifoners, in 'this very contagious fever, before the reader, becaufe it may be practically ufeful to thofe who are entrufttd with the c4re and direction of hdfpitals aifdprifons.

The author's medicinal treatment of this difeafe is equally ju- dicious and proper ; after having the patients bathed, and their feculent clothes fumigated and removed, he feetos on the firft at- tack to have endeavoured to expel the contagion by mean* of antimonial emetics with laxative clyfters or mixtures, and after- wards to induce perfpiration by means of cordial antimonial re- medies with opiates* The advantage of emetics given at the edm- nencement of the diforder has been noticed by Hoffman, and particularly enforced by Pringle, Lind, and many other authors of a ftill more recent date*

Of the ufe of blifters, though ftrongly recommended by Lind, our author fpeaks with confide rable diffidence, and has very pro- perly advifed them to be applied only in the beginning of the oifeafe.

Together with thefe means of cure, Dr. S. alfo fuggeHs the ufe of calomel for the purpofe of cleanfing the prima *>/<*, and the bathing of the feet, legs, and even the whole body in warm water, in order to wafli away any remains of contagion that may adhere to the fur- lace of the body* Bark and other tonics are likewife to be exhi- bited with a view of nreventing a relapfe, and for the purpofe of trcngthening the fyftem. Our author, with Lind, and fome other practitioners, who have fince written on this difeafe, however, Brongly condemns the ufe of the lancet in this fever. Purging be alfo conliders as nearly as hazardous a remedy as Weeaing, and thinks, that, although it may be advantageous in the bilioua remittent, and putrid fevers, it is extremely improper in %he jail fever* Several other remedies are alfo noticed as the author pro* ceeds, and the circumltances and fituations in which they majr be employed with a probability of fuccefs are diflinctly pointed out j in fadt, betide his own improvements, the author appears

* * I had drying pofts and lines put up in the airing ground for that purpofe.* *

Smyth $n ibt Jml DjjUmpir* 22

to fiawjudicioufly colle&ed and concentrated in the prefent treatifii Ac aoift importaoc and ufefnl particulars which arc given by others, of the more improTcd methods of treating this very fatal dtftemper.

In the firft part of an appendix to this treattfe we meet with siomc additional teftimony in favour of a remedy which the doctor had propofed for the cure of fevers. This is the ftiritus vitriM McU QpiritUi *tberi$ vitrid/ci)* The faft of Dr. Cbiiholm and uouSeur Poiflpnier having recorded the utility of this medicine in the malignant peftilential fever which lately raged in the Wei Indies,, is unquestionably a circumflance highly favourable to the opinion which Dr. S. had loog ago laid before the public, con- cerning the advantages to be expe&ed from this medicine in the care of fever of the low or putrid kind.

In the latter part, the author enters into a minute examination of the different means hitherto employed to deftroy the jail conta- gion. In doing this he arranges them under two feparate heads* 'the phy Seal and the chemical/ This part of our author's inquiry deferves the particular attention of medical men, and particularly thofe engaged in hofpital practice, or on board drips W war. ror if the means which have been generally employed to remove contagion be fo ineffectual and inadequate as Dr. S. fup- pofes them to be ; and there does not feem to be any reafog for diluting his reafonin? or the accuracy of his conclufions ; it mud be highly nececettary for practitioners to have xecourfe to nteans of a more powerful and effe&ual nature.

Improvements in chemiftry have indifputably led to improve- ments in the arts connected with it, and perhaps in none more than that of medicine, and particularly that department of it which relates to the fubje& ot the prefent inquiry. A more cor* red knowledge of the nature and ufe of mineral fubftances, and efpecially of the mineral acids, derived from the cfifcoveries of modern chemiih, has unqueftionably contributed in no fmall de- gree to render their application in medical pra&ice more certain and exad. The fulpbureoUs acid has been long employed fosf thejpurpofes of removing contagion, but not without confider** We inconvenience from it's noxious qualities ; it was therefore at ctrcumtfance of much importance to difcoveranother fubftance* which might be lefs objectionable in it's qualities, and at fjie fame tjme^ equally efficackrtis in the removal of contagion* Such a fubftitute Dr. S. fuppofes he has discovered in the nitrons acid.

Having instituted a fet of experiments fortjie p^rpofe of de» termining the fafcty and efficacy of tbi^, and fome other fub,ftan4ea of the fame kind, he draws -the following conclufions concerning the order in which they may be confidered in rtgjird to iafeneis and utility, p. 189. - ' ' { .> *'

\ ift. The vapour of nitrous acid, arifing from nitre decompofed , by vitriolic acid. \ 2. Ditto—of nitrons acid in its fuming (late, or when the a*

trous acid is mixed with nitrous gas. _ V j. Ditto--of marine acid, arifing from cotqmon (alt, deoompo*

fed by vitriolic acid?

tol; ixiir. D * 4. Ditt*

§4 . MEDicrw^.

* 4. ftltto— ^df nitrous and marine acids, obtained from fne de- , compofittan of nitre and common fait by vitriolic acid.

* 5. Ditto — of fulphur, burnt with ah eighth part of nitre.

* 0. Ditto— of fulphur, burnt with charcoal.

4 7. Ditto— of oxygenated marine acid, obtained by putting man- ganefe to marine acid.

4 As the firft vapour is perfeelly harmlefs, in any quantity in . which it may be required, it is evidently the moft proper to be employed in all fituations wheTe people are neteflarily prefent ; ind if it fhou Id prove efficacious in defrroying contagion, of which I have not the frnallefl doubt, it is the dtfideratitm\ fo much fought after by Dr. Lind ; but which he confefies, with his ufuail can- dour, he never could find out.

* The fecond, though more pungent than the firft, may T believe be employed with the greateft fafety ; at leaft, I have never obferved any inconvenience from ufing it. , But as it can* Hot fo eafily be procured in confiderable quantity, and is at* tended with greater inconvenience and expence, I have of late.

* years only made ufc of the firft,

* Our experiments like wife warrant us to affirm, that the third, or marine acid, though more fH ma la ting, and more apt to excite coughing, than the nitrous, may be fafely ufed, at leaft in a moderate quantity, where people are ptefent; and where nitre cannot be had, 1 fhou Id have no hefitatton in employing it.

* Of the fourth I can fay but little, onjy that, in breathing h. I perceived h more pungent than the pure marine add; and therefore,' unlefs it fhou Id be found to poffefi (bperior efficacy in deftroying contagion, I would not employ it where there are people prefent.

* As the fifth never can be ufed with fafety where there are people prefect, its ufe muft be folely confined to fumigating empty apartments^ clothes, furniture, &c. !

- " • The fixth fhould never be employed, as the carbonic acid rtay do harm, and never can have any effect on contagion. •

* Of the feventh I have no particular knowledge,* only that it is extremely deleterious, and'i "believt extremely powerful ; bnt^ ■whether it has more effeft on contagion than the other mineral1 aCids, experience only can determine.'

Although the muriatic acid has been lately employed in the hbfpitals of France, upon the recommendation of a very excel- lent cheroift, imonf. Guiton of Dijon, probably better known to* the chemical reader by the name of monf. de Morveau, for the purpofe of deftroying "contagion ; we do not remember to have teen the nitrous acid recommended with the fame intention bfy any writer*befbre Dr. S. Therefore the difcorery of this im- provement in the method of removing contagion, mould it be fully eftabltfhed by future trials in fumigating tainted clothes, befU" ding, &c, and in purifying flaps, prifons, and hofpitals, muft be confidered at leanYccJtraHy important with any tjiat hag hitherto* been made in the healing art. * *

The doctor concludes his excellent trac"t with fome jqdicjou* rules and directions refpc&ing the manner of ufing the Afferent ftibftances employed for the removal of contagion.

To

Darwin's" Yootumn*. Vol. II. £5

- To the* above treat ife the author has very properly f libjoined .his account of the experiment made at the defire qf the lords* com* jnriifioncrs of the admiralty on board the Union hofpiral ihip, to determine the effect of the nitrous acid in destroying contagion* and the fafery with which it may be employed;' which is fold alone to thofe who had purchafed his description before, pr. is. 6d» In this account of an experiment, which feenis to have been ably conducted by Mr. Menzies, under the direction of Da S.i there is much interefting and ufeful matter. The refulf of the experiment ftrongly fupports the arguments and opinion* : that have* been maintained in the preceding traet. ■

Thecafy and expeditious manner, in which (hips and hbfpitaJa may be ventilated and purified by the procefles here defevjbed add recommended, is alfo a circumftance certainly important .to thofis connected with, or engaged in, either the naval or military fer> vice. . ; jt t.- •

Art. xi. "Darwin's Zoonomia. FoL II. > *• [Continued from Vdl XXIII. >. 4.56,] ' '.' \ Jn the former part of oar review of this work, we produced paf- feges to elucidate the fuperfority of our author to preceding fyfhe- matics in point tof popular inftruclioi}. To thefe we 'afe' tempted^ before we proceed, to add another of extreme importance. . Xt;|a what occurs at p. 18$, on the fubjed of tiarturitlqn,. - \% , ,%/>

p. i8g. — < Parturition is not a difeafe, it is a natural procefi, but is more frequently unfortunate in high life than ampngff tju middle claf* of females; which may be' owing partly to.Fear, wijji which the priefb of Lucina are liable to infpire the ladies of f^fbiqp to induce them to lie in in town; and partly tp the ^ad-air qf London,, to which they purpofely refort. / .. ,„.

* There are however other canfes, which, render parturition jnorp . dangerous to the ladies of high life ; fuchf as their greater general

debility from neglecT of energetic exercife, tlieir inexperience of , the variations of cold and heat, and their feclufion from frefli air* .To which mail be ailded, that great fource of the tfcftntfUon Qf

female grace and beauty, as well as of female health,, the jight . jfcays, and other bandages, witlwyhich they are generally torfurejl

in their early years, by the a£Uve folly of their friends, . which by r displacing many of the vifcera impedes their actions, and by cpm- - preying them together produces adheiions of one part to another,

and aJFej&s even the form and aperture of the bones of the pelvis,

through which the nafcejit child muft be protruded. . .

' As parturition is a natural, -not a morbid procefs, no medicine .Aould be given* < where there is no appearance of difeafe. The

abfurd cuitc?nt of giving a powerful opiate without indication to ail

women, as foon as they are delivered, is, I make no doubt, fre- .• quently Mended with injurious, and fbmetimes with fatal confe-

qnences,. See cJa/s II. 1. 2. 16.

* Another, thine very injurious to the child,. is the tying an,4 cutting the nave Wuing too foon ; which ihould always be left till the child has not only repeatedly breathed, but till all puliation in

3* toftttfM:

the tort ceafet. At otherwife the child is much weaker than it ought to be ; a part of the blood being left in the placenta, which ought to have been in the. child ; and at the fame tune the placenta dbes not fo naturally colbpfe, and withdraw itfclf from the tides df the uterus, and It not therefore removed with fo mirth fafcty and certainty. The lolly of riving rue or rhubarb to new-born chil- dren, and the danger of reeding. them with gruel inftead of mills, is fpoktn of in elate L I. a. 5. and II. 1. a. 16.'

Tht dextrous ufe made by Dr. D. of the fun&ton df the ablbrbentt we. reckon among the moft confpteuous excellencies of his work. In health it is obvious, that there will be a due balance between <he a&on of thefe and the other fets of veflels. Upon this depends the proper quantity and confidence of the excretions and fectetion* n tee of the fumce intermediate between drynefs and exeefive fnoiftave, and the healthy condition of the membranes that line both open and dofe cavities. A variety of morbid appearances muft, of cootie, taken place when the balance is overturned. The quota- tions in our former article will ferve, In fome mcafure* to ihow how Dr. D. has applied this principle. We (hall add a few more examples* preminng only, that the number of morbid phenomena, 'w%te£ he ma explained by the herp of it, can be conceived only from the a&ual penrial of the book itfelf.

r. 36.—* Lhmm +rid*. Dry tongue ocean in thofe fevenr, twfcere the expired air is warmer than natural; and happens to aft those, who deep with their mouths open ; fhe currents of air hi refniratkn increafing the evaporation. There is alfo a drynefs in the month from the increafed aftion of the abforbent vefTeh, when ft line or a crab-apple are mafticatcd ; and after the perfpiration haa . teen much increafed by eating fait or fpice, or after other copious fecretWs ; as after drunkenneft, cathartics, or fever fits, the nwcus •f die month becomes vifcid, and in fmall quantity, from the iik created abforption, adhering to the tongue Kke a white flough. In the diabetes, where the tbirft is very great, this dough adheres more pertinacibufly, and becomes black or brown, being coloured after a few days by our aliment or drmk. The infpifiated mucus On the tongue of thofe, who fleep witn. their mouths open, is fome* times reddened as if mixed with blood, and fometimes a little blood fpllows the expuition of it from the fauces owing to its great ad- hdfon*v When this mucus adheres long to the papillae of the tongue, -the fkliva, which it ^ontains in its interftices, like a fponge, is liable to become putrid, and to acquire a. bitter tafte, like other jwttfd animal fubilances; which is generally miftaken foranindi- cation of the prefence of bile. S* M. xt. Warm fubacid liquids.'

9. 4.6.— * Calculus artbrtiicut* Gout-Hones are formed on iu- flaffiea membranes, like thofe of the kidnies above defcribed, by the too hafty abforption of the thinner and faline parts of the mucus., Similar concretions have been produced in the lungs, and even in the pericardium ; and it is probable, that the offincation, as it, is Called, of the inmute arteries, which is (aid to attend old age, and Co precede Tome mortifications of the extremities, may be a procoCh M this kind.

•An

Darwin's Z*jwzj*» Vd.lU 37

^ * AtApnt-ftones He near the furface, it 11 probate, to** ttlnr, frequently applied in their early ftate, might render them fo liquid^ as 10 permit their reabforptibn ; which the ftisnnlus of the cthft sight atlhe fame time encourage.

4 Rbeumciifmui cbrenicus.^ Chronic rheomadfin. After the acute . ^heumatitm Tom* infpiflated mucus, or material fimilar to chalk- ftones of the gout, which was fecreted on the inflamed membrane, is probably left, owing to the too hafty abforption of the thinner and feline part of it; and by lying on the fafda, which covers feme of the mufcles, pains them, "when they move and rub againft it, like any extraneous material.

« The pain of the moulder, which attends inflammations of the upper membrane of the liver, and the pains of the arms, which attend afiJuna dolorihcum* or dropfy of the pericardium, are dif- tinguiflied from the chronic rheumatifm, as in the latter the pain only occurs on moving the afFe&ed mufcles.

* u. m. Warm bath, cold bath, bandage of emplaftrum de mtnio put on tight, fo as to comprefs the part. Cover the bait witl| flannel. With oiled filk. Rub it with common 41I frequently, With ether. A blifter. A warmer climate. Venefefiion. A grain of calomel and a grain of opium for tea fucceffive nights, The penivian bark.9 *

p. 199^-' DiapbragmjHf* Inflammation of the diaphragm. Pain round the lower ribs as if girt with a cord. IXhIcwt refpiration, performed only by elevating the ribs and in am ereft pofhire. The corners of the mouth frequently retraced into a dJfagreeaMf finjlpj called rifns fardonipis.

* Thofe animals, which are furrowed with clavicles, or collar* bonjs, not only ofe their foremoft feet as hands, as men, monkies, cats, mice, fquirrels, Sec. but elevate tjiefar ribs in refpiration a* well as deprefs the diaphragm for the purpofe of enlarging the cavity of the cheff> Hence an inflammation of the diaphragm is fudden death to thofe animals, as horfes and dogs, which can only jbreatftp fey depr$ffing the diaphragm ; and is, I fuppqfe. thp caw pf the fudden death of Jiorfts that are over- worked ; whereas, in |he human animal, when the diaphragm is {nflamjpd, fo as to render, jts motions impoffibk from the pain' they occafion, refpiration can te carried on, though in a lefs pgrfoft manner, by thi j&tercojhjf muscles in the elevation of the ribs. In pleurify the ribs are kept modonlefi, and the refpiration is performed by the dhphragm, as jnay be readily feen on infp^aing the naked Cheft, and which 19 generally a bad f/mpfotn ; m tl>e diaphragmfcis the rilp are alter- nately elevated, and 4epreflfed, but the lower part of the bclljr ift not feen to move.

« St. m. As in pleurify and p^npneumony. 'Vfhen tip patient Becomes delirious, and (miles difagreeably by intervals, and is be* pome fo weak, that evacuations by the lancet, cook) be uffed no fur* fiber, and 1 have alraoft defpaired of my patient, I have found iff two or three inftances/that about five or fix drops of 4«GL thebaic;, given an hour before the evening exacerbation, has had the happicft cfieft, and cued the patient in this cafe, as well as in commot* ncripqfunionjr; it muft be repeated two ox three CVfUjinji, fen

3& w MEfllCif**.

clafs if. t. i. 4. 1* the exacerbation of the fevei and difficult refpl-. ration and. delirium jjenerally increafe towards night.

r 'The ftinVulus bf this fmall quantity of opium on a patient pre- viouflv fo much debilitated, alb by increasing the exertion of the* abforbent vefTels, in the fame manner as alolution of opium, or any other ftimulant, put on an inflamed eye after the veflels are pre- vioufly emptied by evacuations, (Simulates the abforbent fyftem, fo as to caufe the remaining new veflels to be immediately reabforbed. Which fame ftimulants woujd have increafed the inflammation, if they had been applied before the evacuations* See clafs II. 1.2.2. Sect. XXXIII. 3.1. When the fanguiferous fyftem is full of blood, the abforbents cannot a£t fo powerfully, as the progrefs of their contents is oppofed by the previous fulnefs of the nlood-veflels ; whence ftimulants in that cafe increafe the action of the fecerning fyftem more than 6f the abforbent one ; but after copious evacua- tion this remittance to the progrefs of the abforbed fluids is removed % and when ftimulants . are then applied, they increafe the action of the abforbent fy&em more than that of the fecerning one. Hence opium given in the commencement of inflammatory difeafes deftroys the patient ; and cures them, if gtfen in very fmall dofes at the *hd of inflammatory difeafes.9 '

The CQnfideratio/i of retrograde motions may fairly be ftated to nave been introduced into pathology by die prefent writer. It is, Jri our eftlination, ar idea equally ingenious and profound. It's application to a certain extent will be controverted ; but, in other cafes, it's occurrence is undeniable. No perfon, for example, will guefUon the frequent inverfion of jhe motions of the ftomach and conne&ect parts : and yet no theorift, as far as we know, na4 availed himfelf of this Obvious Fadt, in order to account for fom^ curious fymptoms whicn evidently* arife from inverfion. The fol- lowing quotation will exemplify our remark.

p. 154..—* Globus hyjlcricus. Hylteric fuffbeation is the percept tiori of a globe rolling round in the abdomen, and afcending to the itomacfc ind throat, and there inducing ftrangulation. It confifts of an' 4neffe&ual inverfion of the motions of the oefbphagus, and £ther parts of the alimenUry canal; nothing being rejected froni pe ftomach.

' *% m. m. Tincture of clftor, tinft. of opium, of each 15 drops. See rtyfteria, clafs I. 3. i. '9.

' ' Vomendi conamen inane. An ineffectual effort to vomit, It frequently occurs, when the ftomach is empty, and in fome cafes continues many hours. ; but as the lymphatics of the ftomach arfe net inverted 'at the fariie time, there is.no fupply bf materials to be ejected j it is foretimes a fymptom of hyfteria/but more frequently sittends irregular epilepfies or reveries; which however may be difiin^uHbed by their violence of exertion, for the exertions oif Syftenc motions are feeble, as they are caufed by debility ; but thofe of epilepfies, as they are ufed to relieve pain, are of the mot violent kind ; infomuch that thofe who have once feen thefe in- efFe&ual efforts to vomit in fome epilepfies, can never again tailtakfe them for fymptoms of hyfteria. ' See a Cafe in fed. XlX. 2. *' € j», te. Slider. Opium: Crude taeltury, ■ * *

c * Bor*

Darwin YZfejwww." V*h 1L 3$

c Boriorigmus. A gurgling of the bowels proceeds from a par- tial invertion of the periftaloc motions of them, by which thft gak h brought into a fuperior part of the bowel, and bubbles through the descending fluid, like air ruining into a bottle as the water is poured out of it. This is fometimes a diftrefling fymptom of the debility of the bowels joined with a partial inverfion of their ma- tions, I attended a young ladv about fixteen, who was in other reipe&s feeble, whofe bowels annoft inceflkntly made a gurgling node fo loud as to be heard at a confiderable diftanee, and to attra& the notice of all who were near her. As this noifc nerer eeafed a minute together for many hours in a day, it could not be produced by the uniform defcent of water, and afcent of air through it, but there muft have been alternately a retrograde movement of a part of the bowel, which muft again have puihed up the water above the air ; or which might raife a part of the bowel, in which the fluid was lodged, alternately above and below another portion of k > which might readily happen in fome of the curvatures of the fmaller inteftmes, the air in which might be moved backward and forward Kke the air-bubble m a glafs-level.

* m. m. EfTential oil. Ten corns of black pepper fwallowed whole after dinner, that Its effeft might be flower and more perma- nent; a fmall pipe occafionally introduced into the return to facili- tate the efcape of the air. Crude mercury. See clafs I. 2. 4. 9.

' Hyfteria. The three laft articles, together with the lymphatic dkbaetes, are the moft common fymptoms of the hyfteric difeafe ; to which fometimes is added the lymphatic falivation, and fits of fyncope, or convulfion, with palpitation of the heart (Which pro* hably confifts of retrograde motions of it), and a great fear of dying. Which laft circumftance diftinguifhes thefe convulflons from the epileptic ones with greater certainty than any other Angle fyraptom. The pale copious urine, cold (kin, palpitation, and trembling, are the fymptoms excited by great fear. Hence in hyfteric difeafes, when thefe fymptoms occur, the fear, which has been ufually aflbciated with them, recurs at the fame time, as in hypochohdriafis, clafs I. 2. 4. 10. See feft. XVI. 8. 1.

* The contrulfions which fometimes attend the hyfteric difeafe, are exertions to relieve pain, either of fome torpid, or of fome retrograde organ ; and in this refpeft they ref^mble epileptic con- rulfions, except that they are feldom fo violent as entirely to pro- dace infeniibihty to external ftimuli ; for thefe weaker pains ceafe before the total exhauftion of fenforial power is produced, and the patient finks* into imperfeft fyncope ; whereas the true epilepfy

erterally terminates in temporary apoplexy, with perfect infenfibi- ity to external objefb. Thefe cpnvulfions are leis to be dreade d than the epileptic ones, as they do not originate from fo permanent a caofe.

, ' The great dtfeharge of pale urine in this difeafe is owin^ to the inverted motions of the lymphatics, which arife about the nctk of the bladder, as defcribed in feci. XXIX. 4. 5., And the lym- phatic falivation arifes from/ the inverted motions of the Jaliva:y " lymphatics; • . -

D 4 \ H;^U

I

4* MBDICXKI,

* Hyfterla is cfiftfaguifhed from hypochondriafis, as in the~lat*er there are no retrograde motions of the alimentary canal, hot (imply a debility or inirntabiUty of it, with detention and flatulency. It is diftinguiftied from apepfia and cardialgia by there being nothing eje&ed from the ftomach by the retrograde motions of it, or of the cefophagus/

Thefe fpecimens have been taken from the firft two claiTes ; the difeafes of irritation and thofe of fenfetion. It is to the difeafei of thefe piaffes that the attention of medical writers, in all ages, has been moft directed. Our author, however, does not appear to left advantage under the heads of volition and aflbciatioa, though in many of the difordtrs, comprehended in bis laft two daftes, pm bad few or no euides. This part of the work was the more diffi- cult, as it includes thofe obicure cafes, which have been dually termed afFeftions of the mind* The general reader, too, will meet with moft entertainment here, as much of the matter belong* to the conduft and observation of common life, rather than to the bufinefr of the phyfician. We fhall endeavour to elucidate the ieveral particulars of this account by appofite quotations. What is Aid on the frogmefik in mania will not only be found tutcrefting jrithout reference to any Jingle individual, but alfo as tt goes to prove, that the recovery of his majefty from his moft alarming lUnefi, fupppfing the current report of his febrile ftate to have been well founded, . was a mere matter of courfe.

r. 360.-^ Pfogntfic. The temporary quick pjulfe attending fome maniacal cues is Amply a fymptom of debility, and is the $onfeque*ce of too mat exertions ; not a permanent quick pulfe Jhew$ {lie nrefencc of fever, and is frequently a fehitary fign ; be- pmfe, if the life of the patient be fafe, when the fever ceafes, the in&nity generally vaniihes along with it, as mentioned above. In this cafe the kind of' foyer muft direft the method of curing the infanity; which muft confift of moderate evacuations and diluents, if the pulfe be ftronz; or by nutrientia, bark, and frpajl dqfes of opium, if the pulfe be weak.

* Where the caufe is of a temporary nature, as in puerperal in- fanity, there is reafpn to hope, that the flifeafe will cede, what) the brajfes, or other painful feniations attending this ftate, are re> jnovtd. In thefe cafes the child Jhould be brought. frequently to the mother, an4 applied tq her bread, if (he will fader }t, and this whether (he at $rft attends to it or not ; as by a few ftfcls n fre- quently excites die Gorge, or maternal ejection, and removes the infanity, as I have witnefled.

* When the madnefi is occafione^ by pain df the teeth, which I believe is no uncommon cafe, thefe moft be extra&ed ; and the core follows the extinction of the peiq* There is however feme difficulty in detecting the delinquent tooth in this cafe, as in hemtcrania, ualefs bv its apparent decay, or by fome previous information of its pain having been complained of; becanfe the pain of the tooth ccafes, as foon as the exertions of infanity commence.

* When a perfon becomes infane, who ht* a family of feud* "Children to folicit his attention, the prognostic is ycry uu^vonrable;

Darwin's Zonmiui F$L It 4%

as it Ihews the maniacal hallucination to be more powerful than thofe ideas which generally intcreft os the molt.'

Genus 1, of oroer 1, of the difea&s of vohtioa, offers moth im- * portant knowledge. It contains the cafes of i*crt*jU uB»n <f m*fcUs frmm incrctjed votitim. We (hall transcribe one article en* Ore, and fubjoin a few remarks.

p. 326.—' Cuvoulfw. Convulfion. When the pains from deieft or excess of motion are more diftreifing than thole already described, and are not relievable by fach pat rial exertions, as in breaming, or bwehier, mora general convulfions occur; which vary perhaps according to the fitoation of the pained part, or to fome previous aflbriations formed by the early habits of life* When thefe con- vulsive motions bend the body forwards, they are termed emproft- )M>tDnoi; when they bend it backward, they are termed opiftho* tonoi. They frequently facceed each other, but the epifthotonoi ase generally more violent ; as the mufcles, which ere& the body, and keep it ereft, are naturally in more content and more forcible «£fcion than their antagonifts.

* The canfes of convulfion are very numerous* as from toothing in children, from worms or acidity in their bowels, from eruption of the difiin& fmall-pox, and la$ly, from breathing too long the air of an unventijated bed-room. Sir G. Baker, in the Transaction* of the College, described this difeafe, and detected its caufe; where many children in an orphan-houfe were crowded together am one chamber without a chimney, and were alraoft all of them affeded with convokion; in the hofpital at Dublin* many died of convulfion* before the real cauie was underftood. See Dr. Beddocs'a Guide to Self-prefcrvation. In a large family, which I attended, Wjhere many female fcrvants flept in one room, which they had con- trived to render inacceffible to every Waft of air ; I faw four who were thus feiaed with convulfions, and who were believed to have been affeded by fympathy from the firft who fell ill. They were removed into more airy apartments, but were fome weeks before

- they all regained their perfect health. ^

* Convulfion is diflinguithed from epilepfy, as the patient does aot intirejy lofe all perception during the paroxyfin. Which only Ihews, that a lefs exhauftion of fenforial power renders tolerable the pains which caufe convulfion, than thofe which caufe epilepft. The hyfteric convulfions are diftinguifhed from thofe, owing to other caufes, by the presence of rhe expe&ation of death, which precedes and fucceed* them, and generally by a flow of pale urine; thefe convulfions do not constantly attend the hyfteric oifeafe, but are occafionally fuperinduced by the dUagreeahlc fenfetion arifing from the torpor or inVerfion of a part of the alimentary canaL

' Whence the convulfion of laughter is frequently fufficient to reftrain thefe hyfteric pains, which accounts for the fits of laughter fre- quently attendant on this difeafe,

4 m. as. To remove the peculiar pain which excites the convul- sions. Venefe&ion. An emetic. A cathartic with calomel. Warm Jiath. Opium in large quantities, beginning with Smaller ones. - Jdcrcurial fri&ions. "Electricity. Qold bath in the paroxyfin ; or.

4* i MSBicnrztf

cold afperftonk See Memoirs of Med. Society, Loo. V. 3. p. 147, k paper by Dr. Currie.*

former writers had referred the various inordinate movements of Ihe voluntary mufcles to plethora, and a variety of caafes ; bat their hypothefes have always appeared to us remote • alike from na- ture and from utility. The principle on which Dr. D. has at- tempted to explain them we cannot but admit ; every nurfe muft be fetisfied, that fuch motions do arife from pain ; for trery child, Who has the belly-ache, exemplifies the pofition : but our author has not, we think, thoroughly" cleared up the fubjec*. . We do not recoiled, that he has any where di&inftly faid, that certain convul- five movements do originate in irritation ; or if he have (aid it, he has not difcriminatecfthefe from the other. The twitching* of a bundle of fibres, while the reft of the mufcleis quiefcent, feera to alfbrd a clear example of irritative convurfion, whkfl, perhaps, depends upon too great a proportion of nervous or (enforial power being conducted by one twig of a nerve. Probably there are more

feneral convuwons of this fpecies. The writer of this article nows a perfon, who, for many years, has been occasionally fubje& to ftartings of his limbs, and of his whole frame, as he is dropping, or after 'he has fallen, afleep. The ftartings appear exactly to re- fembie the effeft of an cleclric (hock, partially or generally applied. They have frequently alarmed a bed-fellow ; but there is nothing of convulfion at any other time ; or any thing at this time beyond IT fingle movement ; as if certain mufcles were ftrongly irritated. The writer beKcves, that he has witnefled fome other analogous Acta To the complete ilfoitration of this curious topic would ft &6t be neceflkrv, to aflbrt thefe phenomena, if fuch exift, and alfo to difcover wny certain fevere pains, as from ulcerated cancer, tooth-ach, Sec. are not attended with convuliions ?

We fhall relieve this difcuflion, and terminate the prefent article, by our author's account of a very common and very obftinate moral malady.

p. 408. — ' Crefalitas. Credulity. Life is fhor*, opportunities of knowledge rare ; our fenfes are fallacious, our reafbnings uncertain, mankind therefore nruggles with perpetual error from the cradle to the coffin. He is neceffitated to corrett experiment by analogy, and analogy by experiment ; and not always to reft Satisfied in trie belief of fatts even with this two-fold teflimony, till future oppor- tunities, or the obfervations of others, concur in their fupport. ' ' Ignorance and credulity have ever been companions, and have mifled and enflaved mankind ; philofophy has, in all ages, endea- voured to oppofe their progrefs, ana to loofen the ihackles they had impofed ; philosophers have, on this account, been called un- believers : unbelievers of what ? of the fictions of fancy, of witch- Craft, hobgobbiins, apparitions, vampires, fairies ; of the influence of ftars on human adbons, miracles wrought by the bones of faints, the flights of ominous birds, the predictions from the bowels of dying animals, expounders of dreams, fortune-tellers, conjurors, modern prophets, necromancy, cheiromancy, animal magnetifm, with endlefs variety of folly? Thefe they have^difbelieved and de- fpifed, but have ever bowed their hoary heads to Truth and Nature*

' Mankind]

Darwin's Z*$*em«t. ' Vol 11. jj>

* Mankind rhay be divided in refpec*. t« the facility of their be* fief or convWfcion into two clafies; thofe, who are ready to afleitt id finale rafts from the evidence of their ftnfes, or fro* the ferioo* affcmons of others ; and thofe, Who require analogy to Corroborat* or authenticate them. *

' Oar firft knowledge is acquired by oaf ftn/ee; but thefe am liable to deceive us, and we learn to deteft thefe deceptions by comparing the ideas presented to us by one fenfe with thofe prefente£ by another. Thus when we firft view a cylinder, it appears to the?

Se as a flat fcriace with different (hades on k, till we correct this? n by the fenfe of touch, and find its* flu-race* to be circular j that is, having fame parts gradually receding farther from the eye than ethers. So when a child, or a cat, or a bird, Hrft fees its own image in a looking-Mafs, it believed that another animal exifts be* fere it, and detects this fallacy by going behind the glafs to examine* if another tangible animal really exifts there. • - *

c Another exuberant fource of error cbrinfts in the falfe notions, which we receive in oar early years from the deftgn or ignorance of our inftru&ors, which affect all our future reafening by their perpe- tual intrusions ; as thofe habits of nrofculaf actions of the face of limbs, which are called tricks, when contracted in infancy continue to the end of our lives. *

' A third great fource of error is die vivacity Of oar ide« of imagination, which perpetually intrude themfcftfee by vatiotfs aft fociations, and compofe the farrago of our dreams ; in which, by the fafpcnfion of volition, we are precluded frctffi comparing the ideas of one fenfe with thofe of another, or the inoengruity of their nKceffions. with the afual coarfe of nature, and thus to deted their fallacy. Which we do in our waking hoars by a perpetual volun- tary exertion, a procefs of the mind above mentioned, which we have termed intuitive analogy. Sect, XVII. 3. 7.

' This analogy prefuppofes an acquired knowledge of things f hence children and ignorant people are the moft credulous, as nof poffcffing much knowledge of the afual courfe of nature ; and fccondiy* thofe are moft creduions, whofe faculty of comparing ideas, or the voluntary exertion of it, is flow or imperfect. Thus if the power of the magnetic needle of turning towards the north* Or the mock given by touching both fides of an electrized coated jar, was re- lated for the firft time to a philofopher, and to an ignorant perfoa 4 tike former would be lefs ready to believe them, than the latter; at he would find nothing fimikr in nature to compare them to, he would again and again repeat the experiment, before he would give it his entire credence ; till by t&efe repetitions it would ceafe to be a angle fad, and would therefore gain the evidence of analogy* But tie latter, as having lefs knowledge of nature, end lefs facility . of voluntary exertion, would more readily believe the afTeutons of ethers, or a Jingle fact* as prefented to his own observation. Of this kind are the bulk of mankind ; they continue throughout their fives in a ftate of childhood, and have thus been the dupes of pried* end politicians in all countries and in all ages of the world. .

"in regard to religious matters, there is an intellectual cowardice

jfclilled into the minds of the people front their infancy* whicfc

. . , prevent!

M1DIC1NF*

prevents their inquiry: eredutity is made in iadifpea&He wta*i to inquire or exert their reafon in religions matters is denounced** (nlul; and in the catholic church is punifhed with more fevere penances than moral crimes. But in refpeft to our belief of the fiippoied medical feds, which are publifhed by variety of authors ; many of whom are ignorant, and therefore credulous; the golden role of David Hume may be applied with mat advantage. «« When two miraculous aflerdons oppose each other, believe toe lefi mien* cakes," Thus if a pcribn is (aid to have received the fmall-pox a> fecond time, and to have gone through all the ftaees of it* one may thus reafont twenty thoujand have been expoied to the variolous contagion a fecond time without receiving the variolous fever, to, every one who has been, faid to have thus received it ; it appears. * therefore lefs miraculous, that the aflertor of this fuppofed &£t hat been deceived, or wi&cs to deceive, than that it has ft) happened contrary to the long experienced order of nature*

' m. m. The method of cure is to increafe our knowledge of the Jaws of nature, and our habit of comparing whatever ideas arc presented to us with thofe known laws, and thus to conntemA the fallacies of oor fenfes, to emancipate oiirfelves from the false isn~ preffions which we have- imbibed in our in£incy, and to-fet the Jacutty of /cafon above that of imagination.' m ' In our next number* we flail give an ab&iad of Dr. D.'s clabo* rate theory of fcver.

.£*▼. xii. CtnfiJtrttions on tbt Mtfainal Ufi and ProJm&io* sf FaBitmu Mrs. By Thomas Beddqes, m. d. and James Watt,

• Engineer. Part III. With Tables of Cafes in which faBitious 4irs hovg bun tmploycd. 133 pages. Price 3s. fewed. Johnfon*

In this publication a confiderable ponton of additional evidence : in Favour at the pneumatic practice in the cure of different difordera is introduced to the attention of the pra&fcioner. The efFe&s -of this praftke, in the cure of fir William Chambers, is fo very extra-* ordinary, that we cannot refill the temptation of laying it before the . reader in the manner in which it is detailed by himfelf.

p. 2.-—' Previous to my coming under Dr. Thornton's care, evens means which extenfive experience and great abilities could ftggeft, had been tried by my friend Dr. Turton. My complaint feemed to be of fuch a nature, as to baffle all the powers of art* I was at - thar time hardly able to move from one chair to another. It wat •with the utmoft difficulty I could get up ftairs. I had water in both my lower extremities, and great oppreffion on my breath, fo that when I lay down to fltep, I was frequently obliged to ftart up and refome an upright pofture, to prevent myfelf from being, as it were, fuffocated. My nights were bad, my appecite gone, and for 1

I had not been able to fwaHow any thine folid. Indeed I had given ayfelf up as a loft man, until I heard of the vital air, which my maids

myfelf up as a loft man, until I heard of the vital air, which my meads told me had done fuch extraordinary things in medicine and fbr-

Sy.- X- conceived that as the application was to the (eat of the afe, it promifed more than moft other remedies, and accordingly about ten months back I began the inhajaiym of this air. &.

Beddoes and Watt * FatlltUm Art. Pert HI. *J

Thornton approved of the plan of medicine I was porfuing, which wis bitters t6 Aitngthen the fyftcm, and as occafiOn might require, a Winn laxative pill ; thefe were therefore continued. After a Jew weeks' trial or this new mode of treatment by the vital air, the above medicines being continued, my ftrength was fo far recruited, that from toy own reckoning, t could walk upw&itdi of two miles j lay ancles did not pit ; my breathing was relieved ; my appetite improved ; and my countenance fo much- mended, that all my friends, together with my phyncian, congratulated me on my recovery. I was able to pay my refpe&s>to his majefty, wlw complimented me nuch oo my good looks, and. made many inquiries refpecling the , vital air: I was enabled regularly to attend the board. But I had to battle through fuch awinter, as few at my time of life have been able to fupport. The influenza, which was general, was a great diawhack to my full restoration, as the vital air was obliged to be denned from at that time, and recourfe was had to evacuants, cool« kf medicines, blifters, cupping, and a low diet* But this, together with sereraf colds, that have occafionally attacked me, has, in my auad, oaly mawifrftrrt the more the ef&cacy of the vital air in my complaint, for as foon as it has been judged prudent to have again xecoorie to the vital air, the fymptoms that had gaiifed ground earing the intermiffion, have been as conftantly fubdued, and my ftiend Dr. Turton has told me, ■• that I could not do better than to go bade to the vital air/9 to which I do net hefitate to afcribe my prefent freedom from oppreffive^ refpiration, comfortable nights* ' clean ancles, power of eating folids, with appetite, and in a few* words, as much return of health, as a perfon at my time of life (85) has teafon to expe& after fuch an attack, and I think abundantly fuf- acknt to be thankful for, and to prove the virtue of the vital air ball complaints of this nature ; but this I muft leave to you, Dr. t Thornton, and others to determine, to whom I fincerely wifh every '" faccefi in your laudable attempts to leffen the ajflidions of mankind, and have the honour to be, &c.'

The obfervations of Dr. Thornton on this very interefting cafe, as well as on many others contained in this pamphlet* are not only judicious, bet dilplay a mind extremely active, and well diJpofei lor the inveftigation of truth.

The cautions which are neceflkry to be attended to in the uft oP dUfcront kinds of air, as pointed out by Mr. Watt, ate ajfo ex- tremely proper, and in the prefent ftate of pneumatic pralticfe may he oFconuderable utility in guiding the conduit of the practitioner,

r. 37*— € 1. Ozygene air is fubjed to be debafed with &xt$ th, jf any inflammable matter be mixed with the manganefe frona which it is procured, (which may frequently happen by accident), or when it as prepared in a new fire-tube, or one in which hydro-carbonate. hasJbeen prepared; in all tbefe cafes, the quantity of oxygene air pro- duced, will be much lefr than would otherwifebe yielded by the fame Quantity, of manganefe.— -This fpecies of air when frefli made, a&.contams a large quantity of manganefe in a ftate of fulben/bn* which it depofits upon being kept fome hours at reft, t

« It has -been found" by feveral patients, that the frefh-made air

containing the fiifpeaded manganefe eccafions a d&grteable ficknefc,

• * and

4» ittDieifcf*

and tftat whiclk totttams much "fixed afr. octafiofrt fiefenefs and pains fo the breaft, which do ndt entirety nibfide for fttfne days, though ttey Vio not feem to be df a malignant nature.

« f fu/pefl therefore that fome unpleafaiit effects which have bee^i imputed to oxygene air, may have been owing to one w Berth qf Uiefe cauies ; and therefore recommend, that m preparing this air, there ftould. always be fome cauftic lime weil mixed m the water of theremgeratory, and kept fufpended by a gentle motion of the agi*. tator, and that when the air is procured it mould be weR ffiakeA wfth fome quick lime and water' in the air holder, in which it (hould t>e .kept t we lve~ hours before it is ufed, Shaking it well from time to tints. Td thefe add the precaution of appropriating a fire-tube fc^efir fo die preparation of oxygene, and it will be attained free from any noxious admixture.

' * Hydro-carbonate air is alfo fiibjeft to an admixture of fixed fcir, which from the relation of intelligent pra&it^bners, feems to diminifh its efficacy; arid may not in many cafes be proper to be Wminiftered where hydro-carbonate is ufeful, I am aflured b/'Mif . Uarr, that to procure this air (hydro-carbonate) of a1 £ood quality, 'the water Should be admitted fo flowly, thai it may require twenty < minutes to procure the Hill of the large bellows, and that wh;n longer time was employed, in confequenjee of a flower adrrdfljon qf Vater, the air was ftiil more efficacious.*

c I recommend the fame precautions of mixing lime in the water of the refrigeratory; and of making the hydro-carbfonate with Iiine , and water in the air-holder, as for the oxygene; but I am not en- ebled to decide whether it is neceflkry to keep the air till it depones its charcoal, fome gentlemen think that on the, contrary, it is beft to life it when frefh made. " *.

' The great powers of the hydro-carbonate air require the dofc to be meafured with the utmoft accuracy, I therejfbre recommend v •that it be always meafured out of f he air-holder, by pouring in the meafure of water as dire&ed, and never meafured by means of the hydraulic bellows, which is not fo exa& a method, efpecially when, the diameter is large. .

* The charcoal from which this air is prepared, mould ajwavs fee previoufly well calcined, aa empyteumatic vapours from half fyirnt . wood, appear to be very deleterious ; perhaps thty may have tlyjir virtues, wit it is defirable to know exaftly what isttdminiftered, and the virtues of fuch airs may be very different from thofe of i$C todrocarbonate.'

The fame ingenious philofopher remarks farther, that ' the* njt- moft care fliould be taken that no bits of coal, charcoal,' wo6d, or other inflammable matter be mixed with the manganefe In. pre- paring oxygene air; and that none of the Unfeed oil of the fat life penetrate into the fire-tube.' Tor if any of thefe fubftences be mixed with the manzanefe, fixed air of a highly pungent and noxious quality will be produced. Imperfedly prepared charcoal, or mix* tures of oily Jubilances with it, are alfo prejudicial in preparing hydro-carbonate.

The trials with yeaft as an internal remedy cannot be confidered in any degre^ fetis&ftory ; but as it has fufficiently fhown itfelf to

bo

Jones's 0bf*rvaflkni*9nlhi Hopping Cough. 47

be an active medicine, it mould not be loft fight of. Farther at. tempts may prove in what difeares, and In what ftates of them, it my he advsBtageftofly employed*. EaterpaHy applied;, jt's affects 5^ jear to have 5tfen. determined wi^h. greater precifioni and when afed in this way it'promiits to he an active and convenient remedy.

We are forry to $na in tie excluding part o£ the pamphlet, that Dr. B. has been under the.nfcceffity tf cufontinulng, for a timc^ Jus experiments on animals and animal fubftances, for want of a proper apparatus. . From the, profecutipn of thefe experiments we had not only to .expect implements in pneumatic practice^, but alfo inv-^ portant phyfiological Conchxitons. ' ' "

In the clofe of the work, Dr. B, promifes fome general reflec- dons da the effects of airs ; but it is evident,, as he juftly remarks, t&at before a theory can be fully eftahlifhed, a confiderable number df additional 'facts muft be produced; and the observations on them be carefully collected and c'AmjJared. *

Ait. x 111/ Jn Adjknfs to Mea?qal Students -7 a Letter u Dr.Forfyn isitb iimarlsand^ue/liosiAupou ^uotatifims from Dr- for Act's J)ifir-> utiouon&imjde Feyer^ 8yov. 32 pages, frice is. JdL 1795^

The anonymous writer ttf tMs flimfy' and trifljng performance jTOTf^ihfonns 'us, that focieties have dorie jiiore for the improvement cf medical fcience at Edhibofgh than even .the indutiry of it's pro- fcfers, How far he may be correct in this affertioft ' we ihall not

* take nponis to determine; bur we have arfo had fufficient reafonto' tawr, thai inftitutions- of this ldnd have bep'n by no beans' (paring is the propagation of theories. '

I The attacks, which are here made on the ' Diflertation on fimple Fever,' have mpre of quibble than of the folid and manly objection of

^the enlightened practitioner.

A*T. x l v. Observations on the Tu$j C$u*vulftva, w, Hooping Cough, as read at tie Lyceum Medicum Loudisenfe, Wherein the Nature, Cauje, and Curt of this Difea/e are endeavoured to he demouft rated, and the Practice of exhibiting Emetics, Jbfwn ta he pernicious ommJ vftkfs* By John Gale Jones. 8vo. 36 pages, Price u, Allen and Weft.

In this, paper; which was read at the Lyceum Medicum Lc-ndinsnjt, the author attempts to combat fome prevailing opinions, and to con- tfof ert fome peculiar prejudices, which he conceives to have been* adopted by medical practitioners without fufficient conlideration.

The plan of treatment which the author reprobates is that ofadmi- mJbiiig emetics; and he thinks it a much more fafe and advantageous' practice to employ the cordial and ftimulant method of treating the difeafe. Bat notwithftandiug this writer's bold and unqualified aP fertkms to the contrary, wefuipedt, from confiderable experience, that emetics may fome times be exhibited with great advantages, though they ought certainly to be given with judgment and discrimination ;"

> 5 'A, *VS>

Art.

itaGiANrr*

ttOORAPHT.

AtT. x*. *fe Lhtet tf Dr. Jdm t>mni\ Sir Amy Wctt*t\ tit. Richard Hooter; Mr. G*r*e Htrbtrt*, **i Dr. Jbfar Sawderjhj By Isaac Walton. With Notts, tmi the Life •/ the Jbttbtr. bf Thomas Zouch, vt. a* 4*0. $oJ ptge»» and 8 plates. Price ll. 5s. in boards, York, Wilfoa and Co.; London, KoWbn. 1796.

Ik tne present advanced ftate of knowledge and tafe, U may admit of a doubt, what degree of commendation is dne to afi attempt, to diftnrb the aifaies which time has " quietly inumed," by the in- cantation of the graphic, or of the typtora»]tic art* and to give a preternatural refun-ettion to authors, wlo W peaceably withdrawn to their long home on the uadifturbed&dm of dtfty tibnxku Mr. I W. was, we have no doubt, in his tutot, a very worthy man. ^ la Us lawful occupation of a linen-draper, he had, we do not queftion, much and deferved credit, among his rjejghboars of St. Dunftan's in* the welt, as an honeft tradesman. When his fbaeds in bounds en- abled him to retire into the country at fifnr years of age, and enter* tain himfelf with his favourite dxvetfion or #aj*qr, be Certainly con- ferred a lairing obligation on, the lovers of that which Mr. Zoucfe— without confultmg die fifties or the worms—Calls an irmjfc*fkx sumnV meat, by writing, the .Complete Angler, or the Contemplative Man's Recreation, comprising, as Mr. Zouch fays, thedeareftaad fulleft inftrnclions for the attainment of a thorough proficiency in the art. Mr. W.'s leifure was alfo very laudably employed in writing Ikes of eminently learned and pious men; and his biographical work may kave furniflied valuable materials to the compilers of britiA biography. But we cannot difcover in it any fiich characters of luperiour jgenius or judgment, as ought to reicue it's author from ttut oblivion, which is the natural termination of moderate talents \ ' or cai| we^ conceive, that the public will be much edified by the republication of Dr. Donne's vifion of his dear wife with a dead child in her arms, or of the profffletic dream* of fir Henry Wottor/s father, and other perfons in his family, to many of whom, fays the credulous biographer, * God did fcem to (peak in dreams/ Btthdp Warburton rmght perhaps' exprefs' himfeli fomewhat too harfhly, when, referring to W.'s life of Hooker, he fpoke of " the quaint trafh of a-fantafik life- writer:" but we cannot find fufficient merit in this biographical wtfrk, to induce us to think, that the republi- cation will contribute much either towards the improvement of tafle, or the extenfion of liberal fentiments. As far asreipe&s re- ligion, it's apparent tendency is, to revive that bigotry and faaati- Cjun, which were formerly (o prevalent among men of all religious feels. And jhis tendency is not counteracted, but rather promoted, by feyeral of the additions which the editor has made to the work. Many of the notes, we readily acknowledge, contain curious and anuiimg biographical details, which add confiderably to the value «f the publication; but with thefe are occafionally interfperfcd suiecdotes and obfervations,* calculated to caft odium and contempt sjygu thofc teSts, which, from the firft appearance of the puritans in

\ v the

touch's E&kn (flPafon'i Livm. 49

"ffcc daysof filizabe'thto the prefcnt time* have meritorioufly, though not always dfrcreetly, fupported the caufe of freedom. As a proof ;tf this, we quote Mr. vv.'s account of the nonconfbnnifb in the time of Hoojter, with Mr. Zouch's corroborating notes. .

f. 233.—' In which number of nonconformifts, -rj though fome anight be fincere and well-meaning rfieri, whofe indifcreet zeal might .be lb like, charity, as thereby, to cover a lhultitude of errors, yet of this party there were many that were poflefled of an high decree of fpiritnal wickejlnefs ; I mean with an innate, reftlefs, radical pride and malice ; I mean hot thofe lefler fins which are more vifibie and *more properly carnal, and (ins againft a man's felf, as gluttony, .and drunkennefs, and the like (from which, good Lord, deliver. ui J ; but fins of a higher nature, becauie more unlike to the nature of *GoH4 whicji is love, and mercy, and peace, and more like the devil (who is no glutton, nor can be drunk, and yet is a devil); 'thofe wickedncfles of malice and revenge, and oppofition, and a complacence in working and beholding confufion (which are more properly his work, who is the enemy and difturber of mankind 1 'ana greater fins, though many, will not believe it) ; men. whom a [ftnious zeal and prejudice had blinded, and made incapable of hearing * reafon, or adhering to the ways of peace ; men whom pride and fel£ 'conceit had made to over-value their own wifdonvand Decome perti- nacious, and, to hold fooliihand unmannerly difputes againft thofe 'men wmch they ought to reve/ence, and thofe .laws which they ought . to obey ; men that laboured and joyed to /teak evil of government *, and then to be the authors of confufion (ot confufion as it is confid- Hon) ; whom company, and converfation* and cufiom had blinded, . and made infenfible that thefe were errors ; and at laft became Co reftlcfc and fo hardened in their opinions, that like thofe who pc~ rimed in the gainlaying of Korah, fo thefe died' without repenting

* * If we give credit to the hiftorians of thefe times, the picture .here* exhibited is far from being dr&wn in ho firing colours. Ala*! the love of domination, and an uninterrupted oppofition to the mea- fiues of government* have too- faithfully characterifed the manners t>f thofe uonconformiib. From the combination. of fuch unamiable qualities, what Qtber confequenccs could be expected than thoie which acloalfv burft forth with irefiftible fury? What opinion James I. entertained of them, appears from the following extract from the

>« Bafilkon Doron:'! " Take heed therefore, my. fon, of fuch

jmficans, very pefU in the church and commonwealth, whom no . defer ts can oblige, nor promiles bind : breathing nothing but fe- .dition and calumnies; afpiring without meafuie, railing without reafon, and making their own imaginations, without any warrant of the word, the fquare of their conferences. I proteft before the efeat God, and fince I am here as upon my teftament, it is.no place for me to lie in, that ye (hall never find with any highland or bo*> jdertr thieves greater ingratitude, end more lies and vile pejjttries, .than with thefe fanatic fpirits." • *•

. Vol. kxiv. E' ~ theft

S<r MQCKArmr*

thefe fpirStual wickedneflcs ; of which CoppbgcMndHickct f, ami their adherents, are too fid teftSmonin.

• And in thefe times, which tended thusTO confuftan, there were affbtaairy others that pretended to tenderners of conference, refuting to iubmit to ceremonies, or to take an oath before a lawful ma* giftrate: and yet tfcefe very men did in their fecret conventicle*

. 'covenant and 'Iwear to each other, to be afliduous and faithfol ist ufmg their beft endeavours to fet tip a church government that thejr

, had not agreed on. To whidt end there were many fefc& parties 'that wandered up and down, and were attivein lowing difcontenta and fedhion, by -renamous arid fecret murmuring?, aM a dtipernoa of fcurrilcms pamphlets and libels againft the church and ftate ; "but

' efpecialry againft the btrnops : by which means, together with very ' bold, and as indiscreet fermons, the common people became & fa- natic, as St. Peter obfeTves there were in has time, " fome that wrefted the Jcripture to their own deftruftion:" So by thefe mesv and this means, many came to believe the bifhops to be Antichrift, and the only obftrnftots of God's difcipHne; and many of them were at laft given over to fuch desperate delusions, as to find out a text in* the «« Revelation ofSt. John," tjut " Anttchrift was to be over- come *by the faord," which they were very ready to take into their hands. So tharthoft very men that began with tender meek peti- tions proceeded to print public admonitions ; and then to (aurica!

. setnonfrraaces; and at>lait, (having like David numbered who was not,' and who was, for their caote) they got a fuppofed certainty

* of fo great a $uty, that they durft threaten firfl the bilhops, and not " long after both die oneen and parliament ; to all which they wete Secretly encouraged by the earl of Lefcaffav then in great finroor

with her jnajeity, and the reputed cherither and patron-general of 'thefe pretenders* to tenderneis of cosfcience, whom he ufed as a Sacrilegious mare to further his defign ; which was by their meant

• « f William fiaefcet, illiterate and of the ltfeaneft -extradion^ from habits of the loweft profligacy, and the moft abandoned wkkednefs, afibmed die ajppearanoe of a taint, pretending to haws an inward call, and to berayoorod with a special revelation. Witk him were aflbciated Edmund Conotngcr, a peribn of better family, .and fome others, who declared themmres chosen veflels, proclaim©*

war againft the bHhops, andicsepled not to menace lie fafcty of fthe queen herfelf, nnlefs me promoted their fchemes of seiorm. The -inadnefs of ranaticirm has no bounds. Haeket was at length pro- inoonoed by his followers (ministers of the Geneva drfinptMe) to be •••' the ibpreme monarch of the world, from whom aU the princes -of Europe held their fcepties* to be a greater prophet than Mote* -or John Baptift, eren Jews Cnrift, who was come with his far* in his hand to judge the world." He was apprehended and eon- •nfisedj and, after uttering the- moft horrid blaiphemiea, was stares! Iby the common executioner. Cbppinger fiarved hknfeif in piuoiu ,The contagion quickly foreadoa all fides, whilft ecclenaftical author rity was rudely oppofed, and trampled under root. (See Kex**i*+ Hifofj of England fal* II. /. 563, *nd CartfrHjfi. V& ULf> 637.)* . -„, . . i • • - ' ts>

Cadogjui's Lift tftht &**JP. Romabi*. ft

flthrutt foeh Imodium apo* the bib*)* ast* pfreeui* affafifeta^ amp of their knda, and a larft* proporooa of them for fcimftlf* ' which avaricaooa dafire had fe Uiwied ktsreafaa,, skit fcis OwJwtioat «d greedy hope* had ahnoA flattered him iirtq |>reknt poflbflioa of

From thit /rmg cobmiagi mi from many feeap* of oeerfe Jaa* geage, fametimes a&d by th$ puri*aftairtttmiconfbrmiftsaf former times, which the editor had iawodoeed into his antes, wk majrfj . without any violation of candoor*. infer at lea* one deftgn of thir aepwhlkation at the prefcnttime. ,3?hepablicatton has* howeve* the merit of literary induftry, and of typographical elegance* a*ul is embeUiihed with heads of the fbfapeda of the work, and * viqw of Ltighfeon Qhnieh, built by ^lr. George Herbert.

A*t. svi. 7** Lifs of th* Rm. William Romaine, m.a. fats * Mi&T e/ibe Umikd Parijbas of St. Jadrmu by the Wafdroht, am £#. Ann\ Blackfriars ; and UBmren of St. Duo/lam's s* the WtJL By William Bromley Cadogan, m.a. €vo. 96 pa. Pr. 1** 6d* Vernor and Hood. 1 796.

When we recoiled for how long a term of years tbe'name of Mr. Romaine has been mentioned With fome dlmndiori, and how* mack popularity he obtained. as &. preacher* we rannnr -otfrrvc, { without furprize, how few fads, which can at all Intereft the public at large, his biographer hat been able to colled. The turn of the narrative may be briefly flated as follows. .

The Rer. W. Romaine was born at Hartlepool in the. county #f Durham on the ajth of feptember, 1714* He received hie early education in the grammar fchool at' Houghton fe Spring in the fame county. In .1730, or 1731, he entered upon his ftudlea sft Oxford; and was afterwards removed to Ch rift Church Col- lege, where he took the degree of matter of arts In 1717* Tot fevcral years' he was curate to the pariflies of Banltead and Hortcm. in Middlefex. Preaching in St. Paul's church during the mayor- s&ty of fir Daniel Lambert in 174 1, his popular talents becanle confpicuoits. In 1749 ho was cnofen lecturer of St. Dun dan's in the weft, and in 1750 was appointed morning preacher at Sr. - Oeorge's, Hanover-fquare. He was foon afterwards appointed to die profefibHhip of eftroeomy in Grefham college; but it does sot appear, that he ever coptributed much to the improvement or dUrufion of fcience m that /**r»ft/feminarjr. Havlxfg early adopted the Hutchinfonian fyftem, the Bible furniflied him with his sftro*' womieal as well as theological knowledge, and he placed more con* £dence in the Prtncipia of Mofes, than in thofe or fir Ifattc New ton. The newtoman theory was too mechanical to fuh tbefub- lime conceptions which he had acquired in the fchool of the ' my flics. In 17 j6 Mr. R. became curate and morning preacher in St. Wave's, South werk, Where he con tinned till 1759. In 1764 he became reftor of the united pariflies of 9t. Andrew's and * St. Ao.n, in Biackf riart ; and this reclory, together with the lee* turetilp of St. BunftW* in the Wefrf he held till his death, which *appa«d July a6, 1795*

5* C6VIRNiTbHT\

*' Mr. Roroline is well known to have been a fceatauV adher&fff to the pure <iodrine and ftric"t. difcipline of the church of England^ HU whole life appears to hate been devoted to religion ; the in- tere&s of which be purfiied ia a manner which ranked htm in the clajs of enthufiafts. His peculiar fentiment* appear in the no* neroui fermons, and other theological trads, which he publiihed at different times. Beidc tb*(e he ptfbtHhed' a new edition of Cala6o*s Concordance, .and wrote an Anfwer to Warburton's Di- vine Legation of Mofes, which even hU biographer admits to* have been written with too much warmth, and to hate been biemithed with faults, which maturer years might have corrected. It appears from fome circumftances mentioned in the courfe of this narrative, that Mr. R.'s natural temper was harflft and vio- lent; but his gerfevering exertions, or, in the language of cal- vintfmi divine grace, fo far can-eded the defect, that, as hUbkw vrapher afiures us, k was in his latter years fcarcelv difcoverable. Thefe memoirs abound with proofs of Mr. Romanic's religious zeal ; and if they be written in a ftyle, which they who are not ac en domed to ufe it will call fanatical, they will not on .that ac- count be the lefs acceptable to the admirers of Mr. Romaine'v writings : of thefe a complete lift is annexed.

. . GOVERNMENT*

AtT. xvii. Rudiments of Political Science, Part the tirfl ; con* iainikg Elementary Principles t <vbitb an Appendix. By Angus Macaulay, a.m. 8 vo. 414 pages. Pr. 6s. in boards. Eger- ton. 1 796.

Political fcience, depending on the knowledge of human nature^ and an acquaintance with the a&ual hiftory of mankind* may reafonably be pre fumed to be progreilive. The continual accumulation of fach, which (how the comparative utility of different modes of government, mud, by degrees, enable men to> form more correct notions upon this fubjeft : and. it is a laudable exertion of ingenuity to compare the hiftory of dates with the various theories of government, in order to deduce fuch condu- . fions, as may ferve to improve this important branch of know- ledge.

The ingenious writer of the work, of which the firil part is here presented to the public, propofea tc* examine, under a new ar- rangement, the feveral forms of government which have fubfifted inluimjip focietv, in order to mark the peculiar characters by w.h!i:b cacji is difiinruiflied ; and he hopes to be able to deduce fu<jb cbacfufrons, as mall detedl political errour, confirm and pro- pagate political truth, and facilitate the ftudy of political fcience. Tbeprefent volume, which is introductory, treats of the noceiBty and the right of civil government; of political refinance, and. in- dividual content, and of forms of government in general.

The rieccjity of civil government is inferred from.the expediency of union and concert, among men, for various important pur- pofei; and from the numerous diforders, which are produced tty

tfee

Macaulay's Rudiments of Political Science Part /. 53 .

rfie follies amTpaffions of men*' In order to eftablirti, flill more completely, this neceffity, Mr. M. controverts the accuracy of the representation, given by Dr. Robertson and others, of the amcric^n indian»as exifiing in a ftate of focial union without ajrfH ]pind of civil government ; and brings, fev era I argument! and au- rhorities, to prove, that defpotic government was generally pre- valent in America at the time of it's difeovery, and to fhow that America was peop'ed from the north eaft coaft of Afla, and de- rived it's political inflhutions' from that country. Roiifteau's theory of a ftate of nature, which unites «5vil liberty jvith barba- rifm, an4 flavery and defpotifm with civilization, Mr. M. treat* as vifionary and dangerous ; and that, of Smith, which divides the progrefs of fociety into diftinct periods, in which "jften" were fucccflivelv hunters, fhepherds, hufbandmen, artizans, ajfr) mer* chants, he conceives to be incemfiftent with hiftoricat fad. # '"

The ends of civil government, according to this theoriA/are, f6 promote knowledge and virtue, and guard fociety againft the effects of folly and wickednefs ; to prevent, or Amply, the wants of fociety ; to protect it from foreign injury ; and to adopt fuch arrangements and regulations as may beft promote public Jiappinefs. Jn this part of the work Mr. M. feeros to fall into the common errour of expecting too much from government, aa$ aligning it too msuiy offices. He objects to Montefquieu'tf, Price's, and Priefllcy's definitions of civil liberty r and approves, in the main, of Locke's ; but thinks that of the french constituent affembly, which places it in the power of doing whatever does not injure another, the moft clear, concife, and comprchenfive. La- bour he confiders as the only original foundation of the right of feparate property; the fecurity of property he ranks among the principal objects of civil government ; and he treats the equalU zation of property as impracticable, and it's common participa- tion as a romantic and injurious project.

The right of civil government Mr. M. conceives to be founded on thofe rights of man which rife out of his moral relations, and to imply reciprocal duties : all right to govern he derives not from a divine grant, but from the appointment, and content of civil communities. The fubfequent, as well as the original right of government, he derives from confent, to the excluf on of all other pretentions, fuch as pofleffion,. inheritance, cuftom or pre* fcription, ancient ftipulation, virtue of rulers, or expediency. On the fubject of the right of prefcribing to pofterity, we meet ' with the following judicious and liberal obfervations.

p. 143. — * A fourth pretention to a right of civil government, unconnected with the will of the people, has been founded on, ancient confent or ftipulation : but this claim is flill more prc- pofterous than any of the preceding. The fupportefs of this claim, to be confident, mud attempt to maintain, that a progeni- tor has a right of civi). government over all \\\s defcehdants ; that he may transfer this right to be enjoyed in perpetuity, by whom- fceverhe pfeafes; and that his pofterity muft be for ever fubject to all {lis poluncaCarrangements, and bound by ail his imputations; Bttr no reafon can be amgned to prdve, thai fuch right, bas ever ., £3 been

£4 0OrEHNW£#T.

been poffeffed tyrr one progenitor, which U net equally coorfur jGve, in proof of a fimilar right being' poflefled, bv all fucceeding progenitors, with refpe& to their feveral defcendants. It is ob-

«"ous, that the greateft confufion of political rights would reMc om fucb a fyftem.

* But the advocates of this claim will probably decline to en? counter the numerous abfurdities, which flow, from the fuppofed exigence of a right in a progenitor, to extend his political au- thority over all his defcendants, to all future times. They will ' rather found the fuppofed obligation of moderns to adhere, impli* citly to the in dilutions of antiquity, on the confent or ftipulations «f a whole ancient community, than on the decrees of a fingle progenitor. l< will then be incumbent on them to fliew, by what peculiar privilege, one generation could potTefs a right of forming a political constitution, which all fucceedio^ generations were

. Jbounden invariably to niaintain ; or whence it could derive the ^prerogative, like the lungs " of the medes and perfiana/' of en* acXing laws* which mud remain for ever unrepealed. As no fucb

'prerogative, qr privilege can be proved to have been ever enjoyed py any generation ; the confequeoces, deduced from the fuppo- jftio,nJ tiwft be abandoned. In facl, the men of the exiiting £C aeration mult be more competent to judge of their own political liappinefs, wbkh is the great end of civil government, than thole bf any former uina. Admitting an ancient generation to have j>oflefied all the wi&tora, which is proverbially attributed to enceftry ; and tb have formed a conftitution, excellently adapted to the various circujnftances then exifting ; yet many important cbanges may have fince taken place, in the external connexions* *s well a* in the internal circumftances of a nation, which nay re* tjuire correspondent changes in its political conftitutiotu Tbr condition' of the members of a political community, thus ctrcun> iBanced, would be truly deplorable, if tbey were condemned for ever to emdurr a form it government, which was become ill adapted to their fixation ; and with fuperftitious veneration, to

i and it 4own so the late ft poltcrity, like a facred relic; merely ecaufe their anceftors bad planned it. -They would find but gender confolation in the reflexion, that their political conftitit* tion had foiled their anceftors* when things were in a very difc ferent ftaje. Befides, the original framers of a coniiitution may not havp been endued with confummate political wifdom : they inay bave adopted a fyfiem fundamentally erroneous, or defective % yet its errors or xte£e&j maj pot have appeared, rill fucceediag fenerations discovered tbem, by lamentable experience. Sue- Ceffive improvements may have alfo rendered a future generation Hjore enlightened, and better qualified to frame* or to reform a conjt'yution, than the original founders of the Hate. Wretched therefore would be the lot of human beings, if tbey were debar* l»d from availing tbemfelves of the lemons of their own experi- ence, and progreffive improvement in political knowledge; and eonfined for *reij to fbe %ft jrude experiments of their «arlieft fere&oejtt

Maorolajr's Ru£mtnh jf Mkital &#<«*, Tart J. afc

- * tnssr pi eteunou them, whether eaaf oared a* a daanref; righV ia cot geaeratioa, to prefcrfcetiie form, k* which civil govern* . ascnttett be invariably conducted for ever | waeacorrefotmefoeaL •bligation, , on posWitjr, to maintain an ancient eaftftitntioo,. ' without innovation of improvement, merely on account of im antiquity, appears as hoftile to human happinefi, as it is un- fbuntfea and aofard. It is obvious, that tie apparent ptaunoility nf this pretention, like thai of prescription, it conne&ed with the vulgar miflakc of confounding property with civil government * and of conceiving, that the rules) which obtain with reflwcl to etates in cattle, land-, or money; hold alio with refpec* io poKu- cal authority. It is evident, that the rights ana obligations, which arife from contracts relative to property* are as, improper? to be applied to civil government, as thole, which tefult from* the regulations adopted ia -different countries, in order to dates** ■me prefcriptioa. A man's property is wholly at bis own di£ ssoiai ; he has an abfolute right relatively to the conduit of qtbetf.' sen, to employ it to what purpofea he plqafes.; fo long as he> re*, stains from encroaching on others : he inajr transfer hit right t* uaomfoever he fhoofes, and on any conditions* unleft refrained by the pofitive taws of the community. Thofc, who. .urge- th* tndifpenfable obligation of adhering to ancient political inJUtu? eions, will not furcly be fo abfurd as to contend^ that aji future* generations of human beings were at the absolute drfpofaj. of an* ceftry ; and that a man has a right to grant away the CuJbsnjUipA . .and obedience of ail his poiterity, as helm to difpofe of his cat- tle, or his furniture. Yet on no Qther principle of reasoning, can the rules, which determine the obligation of c&tracis about property, be applied to ancient uipuUtiQU* rejativ* to civil go- vernment.*

With refpec^ toftUtical rtfiJUmc^% it is maintained, that to refift a government, which exilU from the approbation, or %Q(|uiefcence of the community, null ever be criminal* hecauft it it the, exer- «ife of violence agsinft rightful authority;} bu& that it is, incum- bent on political communities feverally tQ choqfe that form. of government which they conceive beft adapted to promote theif^ political happinefs; or to change a bad conftitution fbr % betret? when k can be prudently ejected ; and Qonfequentlv, that, if any* political rulers mall forcibly oppofe the manifed will of a cominu- •• nity to reform it's conftitution, they would be, guUty of that re-- fiftahce which is univerfally criminal. ''

Oh the queftion of individual confent Mr. M. admits the- right of Separation. Continued refidence he conffders as determining* the political community to which every man belongs, but adds, * that, in order to indicate confent by refidence, the citizens nftift ; be at liberty to depart. The ftippofed rijht in civil governor* to enforce refidence is mown to be neither inherent in the tuturcf ' nor neceffary to the ends, of government.

This volume concludes with fome general obfervations' On thn difference between forms pf government and conftitutions ; on the importance of the inquiry concerning the diflinft characters of fOYernments, and 9a the drjcncUncc of national cJiaraQc; oathe

I 4 fiPWi

form of government. The appendix contains tintcrefting b* ftofi* cal elucidations of tfee. authorfa principles. Though we do rot. . perceive much novelty in this writer** ideas, hit work, as far av* it it advanced, is written .with pcrfpicujty, temper, and liberality** -and raife* agreeable expe&atious concerning the fequel. u

M !•#

rotTar. ths drama.

Art. xviii. The Birth and Triumph of L*ut. 4 ?"*- fy Sir James Bland Bulges, Bart. Royal *to. 68 pages. Price 6a, Egerton. 179$. .

The plan of this work is taken from a feries of plates, entitled, •' The Birth and Triumph of Cupid," publifhed by Mr. Tomktns/ • hiftorical engraver to her majefty : it is intended as a poetical illaftra-* tion of thefc elegant engravings, which are faid to be copied from the drawings of a lady of high rank. Although the ftibjetf might feem tft promife fportive gaiety, the poem is rat her of the elevated than of the trivial kind ; it is written in a regular and (lately meafure, and adorned* with the ftudied graces of poetical djttion. In the opening, the poet forbids the intrufion of wanton love, and devotes his lays to that fove- Teign power, whofe birth was hailed by the Ihout of angels, and to whom was given the fupreme control over unknown worlds* , Sent forth, by tne plaftic power, from a condenfed vapour, the young cherab flood confeft in his infant dharms: r . 6- •

* Awhile, as if entranced, he gazed around : He moved, and Heaven with unknown radiance gleamed j He (poke, and liflening angels hailed the found j " ' He fmileff, and univefiar Nature beamed. * , By Infant Love fubdued Creation feemed : And Time transported all his power, confeflcd ; Of piefent joys and future bills he dreamed, ' • ' Of conftant hearts with lading onion blefled ; Then, fondly elafped the Cherub to his glowing bread. '

% This elegant Jqnd of verification is continued through the piece, lot aftory of Love's adventures, grounded on tbegrecian fiction of Copid's bow and arrqwt employed in wounding hearts, is fo playful ana puerile, that, exhibited in majeftic iianzas, it can only produce a ludicroqs efcet, Ip eafy and wy anacreontics we might be amu/ed to read of the child Cupid finding a bow and arrows, and,. when he mines hit mark, {peaking them in vexation ; but it is impoffible to read {he fame pretty fale, fublimed and dilated through a long conrfe , of elaborate verfe, without a ftjong perception of incongruity. We. Ttte firft prefented with a grant} vifion,, in which Love contemplates the fvftcm of the uni verfe combined by the Jaw of gravitation, and U vjfited by an angel, who is comAjffioned fo (bow him the feven planetst. and to inform him that he is deftined to ufe his bow and arrows in the ' ffik> JTt then fee Love, in obedience {q tfce vifion, (ailing through the etjje/icl, gain to, his apnointed planet, -and fighting on one of the white clhft of 'Albion, as fhe-wbrld's gre*t mailer. . After all this mag-

-,r— — *-*"-■—*-_* - f- - <-« mff.

* two

Bnufrf a Bum * $f

wad Hug Art** &at Ik through the grove on fladowy wings, aoc) fficr feme diftcidties, transfixing them both .with oiie atfowTleking or* sod offering tbem on an aftar to heaven : he is then born 'away on I or drawn by his doves, taking with him,'* placed on the high da* nYi teat/ the two team which he had pierced* f fo lav his glorioca prise before the eternal throne. V-This allegorical fiction evidently asses confiftency and dignity ? the poet has, however, -thrown about itfo fnanr em belli ih menu u, on the whole, to prefent the reader with i pleafing exhibition.

The engravings, on which the poem is founded, m*y hrpmrhafcj oftbcfamc fize.

Ait. xtx. Benofey, a Poem. ^to. 32 pages. Price 38. Warrington, Eyres; London, Johnfon. 1796. •

Foisy performs, one of her moft pleating offices, when, in imitadoi) of \*j fitter art, (he fooths the penfive mind with interefting pidnreg of former days, pr. with tranquillizing landfcapes of firpple nature and rani life, This office is very happily performed in the truly elegant form now before us. The poet appears to have written under thf fflfloence of : .

* A penfiye caft of thought, a ferious vela Of melancholy foftnefs, not too lad, Such as will ferve to fboth, but not differed** 1 In harmonious verfes, ftrongly marked with the pleafing charaAer of daffical fimplicity, and, at the fame time, uniformly railed abovs j*ofaic dulnefs, the author takes a retrofpeel of the ancient hiftory of d* 'pot which he celebrates, and very happily introduces a ftoryv jfffit- ^tved in a MS. in the Bodleian Horary, of the murder of nr John ktler, « who was flaine in his bedde bv the procurement of the lord S&ndley/ Then, reverting to the preient rural beauties of the {bene, ike poet defcribes them with that delicate fenfibility which jives tq poetry it's fweefeft charm, interweaving with the defcrintion mftroe* ^icfleclions and pleating fentimeots. The paffage which we flud| *Wt from tlita poem for the amufcmeut of pur readers, and in cor> ^nation of the prajfe we have bejkbwed upon it, is a .beautiful defcrin* f°o of hay-makirig. f. 19,

9 Them fee the mowers, to their half-done talk Early returning, jocund, o!er the grafs, •

That yefterday they cut : with ftone well-ply'd, Bending, they whet the clear- refoonding ueel; And now in order plac'd, ftep after Hep, Slow-following, with fuccefiive well-tim'd ftrokes, The fcyrhe they brand ilh : falling at their feet In iemicircles wide, a mingled heap Of feeding' italics and flow'rs of various hues In wild eonfufion lies, to bloom no more. ' Meanwhile anum'rous train of men .and boys, x And country maidens, bearing in their hands * The rural trophies, cheerfully begin TOiai*. pleafing toil, and fcattrr far and! w*dj, With airy tots, the odorif 'rous hay ;

• ■ ♦• ' - V&

*V* JLtttbariht! Whites* new the efitnlfnf fir**

Iu7plndoareU» poon forth kit flopbg 070

Stronger, At field natti moving fcene

Of gaiety and bufroets, mirth «m toil*

Metay the jokes, and frequent are die laugh*

Enlivening their labour: entheeopfe 2 Of jender hedge, where |ay the wild-reft blooms, - Is laid die copious cae, with needfitl store

Of Honor fill'd, and cover'd from' the fight •/. Ofboiyfiiea, Foil eft the heated twain*

Thither is feen to pace, and from the cup

Firft takes a long, deep draught : then to the fair,

|dot aikiog, bat whofc warm fiqlh'd cheeks betray

Her thirft, flow-carrying, prefects the cop

With awkward gallantry. Fatigued, the band

Awhile repofc : the fen-bornt clown, roboft,

Putit on bis knee Ms modcft-fookiftg Mr,

Fleas'*, and yet half aAamM: ah F happy he, « If from her ftp* he gains at )aft thekift, * - With mant Itnsggles won ; not ia eVn (he,

Tho9 her dtforderM locks with many a frown . Now (he a4jaAs, difpfeas'd at heart to lofe

The fragrant prize (be wiftVd not to withhold** <■

She ieekrnot6>enfnare a captive train .

Of fovea to grace the triumph of her eyes ;

Nor, having won her lover's faithful heart,

To leave him, proud-exulting in his pain*.

Foe him alone the ribband gay is feen, • On Sundays dreaming in her hat of ftraw,

laring at church unwary eves from pray'rs.

Still near her thro' the field he ftrives to toil,

And oft, when unpereeiv'd, they tdl their love

In fidelong glances : language fweet ! that fpcaka

In filence more than all th' aneAed fop,

FrtfbVd in Flatt'ry's arts, with oily tongue,

feen in his vainer Fair's deluded ears.

Here 'tis, that Love beftrews his pleating joyt,

Unblended with his cares ; for here no fears , Of.mktingjealoofy diftnrb ibe'breaft.

He bmm his maiden true, as (he her fwaln ;

And fo (hall eaeh be orov'd, for Htmbn (boa

In bondage fweet frail join their willing hands* * Bi kind, ye Southern Breezes! blow not yet

Nor bid your train of gloomy clouds and (noVis,

Unwelcome now, deform the tranquil (ky t

But let the frequent wain, unftopp'd by rains.

Clear the dry hayfield of its dulky piles !'

mmmmm^mmmmmmm m 11 11 1 1 1 i«nMWM«MMMMMMi

• * DmmfngnnUMJttfiryHftaJf/cMk Cervicem, **tfacilif*<vitiaweptt> £tg*#Jteati maps pudtat <tipu Hot,

- ; A»r^

Epijlltfrm Sb-d-nU the Rt. Hon. H. D-nd~t. Js,

hT. XX. MftfU frtm R+elh-J Br-nfj Si~-d*9 Efq. H the Jtfcif UmmmUt H-**j D-nd-s. 410. 3* pages Price as* 6d. Owen.

Tag verses here riven to R« B. Sli— d-», cfi|., are net exafiry tuck Mr. Sheridan woold write even after dining with Mr. Dvadas at rioUedon* With all the infpiration of generous wine at a minifter% ■>, hi* mnfc could never hope to foar to the fublimky of due fte. Exempli grmi*. *. $.

« Had Pitt and yon, like Neefcar, fway*d your king.

And Joofcn'd Law and Order's fecred fpriag.

Accomplish 'd would have been the pray'f of Stone.

And Thames have flow'd a Aiming Ptilegethoni

•■ While T— ke and him had drank their Burgundy,

« Cool* mid confufion, under their own tree*

«• If T~ke*s Robefpierrean double avocation, '

« Allow'd him time from olund'ring all the nation!"

I marvel moch that Britain s Guardian, Law,

Left engltfh Seycyes one mile from Abcrfhaw!' liad leader, when you have fnffictently admired the fbxvhtg feorJ. at of thefe lines, admire, we befeech yon, the beauties of the laa* fcje; particularly, the elegant inverfion, « accomplifli'd woold have a;' the foft alliteration,* nWd a flaming Phfcgethon'— and, above 1 1 the boh) exceotricity of the jphrafe, ♦ T— ke and him had dnmk/ ich an ordinary genius, whp fears the grammarian's rod, would not fe dared to have written otherwife than— T— ke and he had drmdL-+ this writer's wonderful command of the moft mufical melody of — * ~~\, we moft give another fpecimca or two: of France fc*> #.3.

' A hell, indeed, where famrnt, fnmd, and/nnr.

Reign UDCOotrouTd, fans pity or resnorfe !

Where trugbt is tmtgbt but horrid deeds of blood 1

And nilUw mxrdtrd in the mmddridmmdV |V Mis. Jordan; '

• Nor fprishtly Jordan, lafs of Richmond Hill, With <wealti>, and 'worth, and ev*ry nqijb at w/// ffUe ingrnioua depi&er of chanters, in laudable imitation, sfj

ft, of certain quack dofiort, will tell you in a moment what any is, if you will only inform him what he eats and drinks j c» g. >. & • M-cl-d and L-d-rd-le, fo wild and frikey,

May 'nt that be owing to their drinking whiflcey r* ^ la). ♦ Ia^gnres and philology, 'tis dear,

That Smith's potations mod be pert fmaB beer/

K 15* * L-ndf— ue's fofall of fleck, infiduoagguijr, J * His beverage, fure, is vinegar and oil I*

[If he lancheon'd off aa os cheek* or had a balba of fear trout, ^ all that be cared for/

Uj* ' • — . AlllcaotarefOr—/

iath^hadiv^awma^asMl^oUwbey^ '

J-

<J>. roBTfcVk •

In profe, however, he finds fomething elfcjo fay of thw y^uof orator:

* *. iy. note. f This juvenile wouM-be*ftatefm*n, pofiefles ia confc dcrable (hare of what may be called parrot loquacity. Like his grace pf £«dfcd, and fame others* he delivers a very paffakle; verbofc, frptby oration, when he has properly received, his leffon/ . XJi Mr. F-x he fays in verfe, * . . .. * He's fram'd a balance for our fure perdition ^ By France and Britain forming coalition.'

Of his fpecch made on the 10th of may laft he fays; * fuch.a farrago of egotifm, meandrings, and abfurditits, never iflued before even from Jlis mouth : he leems to be driving to his dotage/ Wc rnufl add, by way of contrail to all thefe cutting lareaOns, one example of Ac writer's powers in ferious panegyric : *». it, note,

' Lord L— oe, at the end of the american war, prophef(ed, that f the fun of Britain," as- a great nation, " was fet for ever!" It certainly was very low funk in the weftem political horizon at that time. But the capacity of Mr. Dondas has made it rife aga|n in the eaft ; and the great genius of Mr. Pitt has made it blaze- on Great

Sritain and Ireland, in a more bright meridian fplendour than \i\mtf cfore exhibiteoV Ev?& !

^,*T. *XJ. Sketches in Ferfe, with Profe Ulttftratkms. Small 8vo, 156 pages. Cadell and Da vies, 1796*.

Except a pretty long Ode to the prince of Wales on his intended marriage, of which the loyalty furpalfcs the poetry, this volume is nwde up of very (hort and trivial pieces, which afford little ground for ^rake on any other account than tor a tolerable facility of verfification,

The annexed profe illuftrations will not juftjfy us in making a more favourable report of the writer's philpfophical fpirit, than his (ketclya cf his poetical talent. The firft and principal profe paper is a ferioas vindication of the abford, fuperftitious, and exploded belief of appssri- $ims. The fecond is an apology for the fcarcely lefs fuperftitious and abfurd refpeft which is paid to family diftinfiions. ITie reft arruot of fufficient importance to require diftinc) notice. The volume is very elegantly-printed,

&%*• xxii. CowerfatioH i A didaSic Poem. Irs three Parts. Bg > .William Cooke, £tt|. 410. 44 pages. Price' js. 6d. Edward* 1596. ■ ^ «

It is furprifipg, that an art, which every body nracrifes*every day, fhoold never have been explained fcientifically, and reduced to dear -principles and fettled fules. Tip fuhjeit of converfatioh baa been lightly touched by the cflayift, the fatirift, and the didactic poet, but has never been accurately examined by the pbilofopbcr, with the brnejro- Icnt flefign of rendering it more pleafant and improving, — A didadk poem, umilar in defign to (hat now before 'us, was written many years ago by Mr. B. Stilhngflcet, and is preferyed in the firft volume of Doditey's Collection. In poetical merit that performance is ftjperioor to the prefent. Mr.< C.V ideas on she. fuhjeft of coftverfati&rsMre judicious j but dfi verji&cajioji is t> ipodcate, that we oucftiin whether

Irwin'nTriumph of Innocence. $}

pfenfible precepts, and good advice, would not have been more ac- KttMe & cttgant'ptdfe/ * •* ' ^ • ^

■Ut. xxiii. The PVtog* Mufti *r,a Pom en Simmer. By Ju*eriis. & Aid. 114 pages. Pnce 4s. fated, York, Todd; London, John*

il lOO. I "7QO. '

It is a common miftake amongft young poets, \o talue themfelvea loo highly upon their facility or invention, and rapidity in writing* "^tfcttthor of this poem, though apparently a modeft youth, informs reader, perhaps with too much ieif- complacency, thar, befide this

g'poem, confining upwards of two thoufand lines, he has written! two others, on Spring, and, Winter, which were all completed before he had attained his nineteenth year. He likewile mentions a cir~ cumftance which feems very furprifing, and which, indeed, affords % ftnmg preftirnprion that his has been an untaught >mufe, that his firft attempts to defcritte the* fcafons werc^ written before he had fcen, or heard of *r ThonnWs Seafons." Criticifm rauft judge of the merit if any production by it's quality, not it's quantity; and it Would be4 Aeat injoftictf to this yonng bard, who appears very ambitious of laving • his btid4*ng genius foftered by a ray of public patronage,*

Iro flatter him with any praife for the length, or early production of his poem. The piece would certainly have been more fit for the pubnc eye, had a conftderable part of it been cancelled, and had the reft been polifhed with greater care, upon a diligent and judicious1 tomparifon of it's defcriptions, fentiments, and language, with thofrf 1 of ihoirifon, and other eminent poets : it would then have been left encumbered with common-place reflections, and un poetical phrafeo- tyj; the aothor would nave been more fenfible, how much k ^fequrfite to form a good defcriptivepoem ; and, on a fubjecton which he had before him fo excellent a model, he would not have been con* fated without exerciiing great caution and difcrimination in the felec- ( rion of his images and fentiments, and' the utmoft diligence in render- i ing his language correct; elegant;1 and harmonious* Too much ) confidence in the maxim', Poeta nafcitur, nan fit, has brbugh? upon many a young adventurer in poetry the fate of Phaeton. When this ruftic hard (hall have properly availed himfelf of thefe hints, he may appea? i before the public with greater credit. We do not mean, however, } wholly fo depreciate his performance, in which, notwithstanding 1 federal defects anting from the want of that correct tafte which is only to be gained by an intimate acquaintance with the beft writers, we ! Jifcover marks of talents capable of bong matured into excellence.

( Art, xx IT. The Triumph of Innocence; an 6de>; written on the De- liverance of marin There/a Charlotte from the Prifon of the Temple* I By Eyleslrwin, Efq. M. a. 1. a. +to. 22 pages. Ni col. 1796* I Thi fubjeft of this ode afforded a fair occafiori for the difplay of I teaaer fentiments in elegant verfe, which the writer has not very I ^tppily improved. The poet has been more folic itous to pour out bis 1 indignation agaioft democrats, than to exprefs his Sympathy with the. \ farrows and the joys of the roysl orphan. The verfes are qot \ *holly deftitute of poetic merit, and are beautifully printed with Mner'ft ty^as on fine rellum paper.

* Art.

6% THE DRA1HU

A*T. XXY* /*«, w Trageij. 8vo. 124 paps* ftfe* ** It,

Edwards, 1796.

Tmb fsbk of this tragedy b founded 00 a difitfing ftory recorded li the annals of Portugal* The anfcupy fate of the heantif oi anal innocent Inez de Caftronas been made die fabjcft of poetic defcav

by Cwnoens* and of tragic reprcfentation on the fpanifh, £ronch, and cnglifu theatres. The author of this dramatic performance difelaiirl snTobligation to the former occupants of the ftorjr; and we can eafii* credit the declaration ; for the piece bean unequivocal marks of as* ginality, and poflcflfes, in thigh degree, the cflential reqoifites of a. goocf tragedy.

The principal bnfinefs of the play confifts in a plot againft the fife of Inez, a caftilian exile* the reputed miitreis, but real wife* of Pedro* die prince of Portugal, whofc hither, the king Alphoofo, a fern and haughty defpot, is indicated to condemn her to death a* the feducer of his fun, by the malicious fuggeftions of hit three mi* sutlers and friends, Alvaro, Coello, and Gonfidez, and by the fecret machinations of her difappointed and revengeful rival Xeonori* a lady of the blood royal ot Portugal, once beloved by Pedro. The intereft of the piece is heightened by making the queen. Pedro** mother, acquainted with his marriage ; and the pathetic effect ia much increafed by introducing Fernandez, the father of Inez, firft as a ftranger, under the name of Almada, and, after a very aghfting di& covery, as a (barer with Pedro and Inez in the diftreu produced by Alphonfo's cruelty. The diftinft features of the principal character* axe ftrongly marked ; the fentimaits are hapnily appropriate; the lan« gpage, without being uniformly fplendid, is often embelliihed with poetical imagery ; and in thofe parts which require tragic vehemence, the paifions are exprefled with uncommon force. To give our Reader* an idea of the author's powers of fancy and expreffion* we tall cop/ a few detached paflages: f. 15.

« By heavens I Arvaaot

SheftenVd like ehaftity herftlf, indued

With human form ! her lucid cheek alone

Wat warm and tender: in her heart appeared

Majeftk virtue on her throne of ice f

And when I would aflay her with loofe paffion,

Something within her9 Kkc divinity,

Aw'd roy rath putpofe, and congeal'd the founds

Half £ orm'd and trembling on my tongue/

• Deceit

Ways on her cheek, as the light fun beam dances On the quick furface ot the deep abyfs.* • More lovely through a veil of tender forrow Her beauties fhone; as whrn the fun at noon Through a cloud's -filky fleece (beds foftened day.J *"

^. 95*—* Think'ft thou, Gonfelcz, that the fir ereign's porpoifc Is not too fe tried to be blown away , J3y the weak impulfe of a v.omanVfigh? "Surely thou know'ft hot yet oux monarch's firmncitl

3 rn»

Intz, a Trip+i |g

Its Bee a rode, befieged in vain by oceans I *Tis like the polar ice, fcirilt nigh to heaven* On which tl* fun, with iiteffbclodftwrc, Hays for a *x-moa*> day !'

#• 71.— • Ah ! what it man t— a bobble raited in pJa^» Which fweUs awhile ;— fparts its qojcjf vaiyirtg; tints, A borrower from the fan ; then barfting melts ' T Into its uaieiil elements, nor leaves *

A trace vhiixL*~4if iif is creation** wbnder t , '"

With faculties that walk the range of- heave* 3- ' With appetites that gorge upon the earth ; *An angel-brusH 'attended in dbfiri With I^c^aW time, yet bomsW in frimiofi " r

By a nsere point and moment. Itifr Us aim* lto his atftunmctt angui&v*^**^ «» * From day to day in care of fordid being ; While hour to hoot repeats the fame dufi tale, IHI wearied .nature flcqps :— or, meteor-like. He dares and flafh^s9 with ilkfivefplendoiuv '« 1 * Tillhis thin flame is fpent,— Our morn of life .v

Is wet with forrow's aew: — oar noon involved In paflion's ftorm ;— our evening pale an4 chill,] And fading into night : — and when this fun Is quench^ in daiknefs,— fhall no day-flat rife ^

To warm and waken ns ?— there (hatt*- and then The joys and cares which fhocfc this fev'riih life

Shall be no more remember'd than a dream* *

Yes ! 'tis the diftant team of this new day t Which gilds this vale with all its boafb 6f luftre, Ami fills oor nems with fpirits for our travel/ jk A part of the (bene, in which Inez difcefvers her father, (hall fervean ifpeamen of the more inipaffioned language of this tragedy. #. 7*. 'Almada.

« It grieves me, madam, ' To fee the felon grief approach life's prime* As now in you, and rifle it of fmiles. Haply 'tis too affuming in a ftranger . To aflk what moves yon in this pnde of .life, Girt wish the means of envied happinefa* . To yield a thought to pain ? — Dear lady, pardon An old man's fondnefs ; — if he, lives to bleis vou. Think that in me you hear your Konour'd father. .

* Ihez. « Father I— O heavens I

« ARMADA.

* Mine, lady, are his years* Though not his blcffing.— Grief, I know, can readr - And (hake the loftier! ftate,— perhaps the pain Of fome frefli-fevcr'dheart-ftring prompts the figh, And my officious love provokes the wound To livelier pangs :— yet bear me while I &, Life both your happy parents r

lift*

Kt

"THE DRAMAS

* . •-• «

* 'itflZ* . •

> Sir, they fleep '.. iUfeb in the eoM dumb grave,— nor Heed theforrnwa Which We their orphans cheek f . ^

/ Almada* « The lofs of parents ft great—but common ;— felt awhile , by nature ^

And then nomoteremcmberfd^Heie, perhaps* The woe^ii recent.

4 I*«.

* No I— otoe parent far tee

{oft ripening into* wofttan ;*-*nd the other brfook tpy childhood s^-Oh— the kindeft father, That ever ftrain'd an infant to hit bofom 1

4 Almada.' « Time nrofc have dried the fource of filiaf tears* However foil. O Rill vouch&fe me favour ! , Is it a brother's lofa that touches you And melts' you thus in grief i

4 Ikez^

* No brother, Sir,

ftas ever claim'd my love, or to my arms Given a divided parent. — I was all The bleffing of my mother's bed, and now; Alas! ira all my face.

* Almada.

* It muft be (he ! . , Down, down my heart ! {Aftdt)^hr\<K, bkfled wtttf

,' your .parents, .

Jhricebleffed Portugal! — the favoured land m {

Which boafts your honour'd birth !

. ' tf Inez. .

« "My birth can make . . No country* proud : — but here in Portugal I am, as thou, an alien, — To Caftile I owe my birth. On Guadiana's bank*, Near Calarrava, where ray family Long vied with thofe on thrones, my childhood play'e^

'Almada*. ' TKc fierce moor o'erfprfcad the Wafted region. Hurried your mofher and yourfelf to. chains, And flew your father.

*Ikez.

* You amaae me, Sir ! . . - Whence could you learn my melancholy Iroty i

« Almada. c I was not diftant from that fcene of ravage* I bad a daaghtcr too, whom then I loft.

2 ' Ilf BX.

hits a Trapdji ?J

* Iwsas.

* A daughter, fir !

• Almada.

* Oh yes!-— a daughter— lovelie? Than the firft morning that awaked in Eden

And Tweeter than its breath.— The accurfed infidel* Surprifed my caftle, as my charming girl Had number'd her tenth year.— Had late permitted. Even as 1 fee yon now,— fo fair and peerlefs, Would (he have btefs'd my eyes :— but-**h— for eve* Loft I my much-loved — Inez!

*Ihiz*

* Am I waking,

Or is it all illufion ? — but the grave Cannot give back its dead !~I faw my father— O fight of agony !— opprefs'd by numbers Sink,— a pale corfe I— beheld the murderers fwords Steep 'd in his life.!

• Almada.

* Ay fo, indeed, thou thonghteff* Fernandez fell, 'tis true, with many a wound ; And lay, with heaps of reeking death, unnoticed. Till the retreating foe, with the next fan* Refign'd htm to his friends. — Their care recalTd The wand'ring pulfe of life :— when, to behold The lofs of all that render'd life a bleffing, From fweet forgetfulnefs to fenfe— I woke I

• Inez. « O heavenfupport me!— O — my long-mourn'diathctt \ And is it thru I clafp f — fcarce can I thirik it 3 Though every fenfe avouch it. — Yet 'tis he ; This is no mockery f— Upon my knees Let me implore thy bleffing !— -Tell me wherefore Conceal Fernandez in Almada ? — tell me Where haft thou fojonrn'd ?— They reported faHelf Thy caftle was deftroy'd U-

' Fb*vavd*z.

* Another moment,

0 my loved daughter ! when my heart's left bofyy Shall give thee all.— My caftle was deftroy'd. The hateful fpot, which, told me of my lofs,

1 fhunn'd, and fought to hide me from my woct In a lone feat, I own'd neardifttnt Ebro. There had I ftill remained :— But Pedro's tyranny, Blefs'd be hcav'ns will ! invaded my retreat ; Sek'd on my lands ;— and *kove me from Caftile* Stripped of a name too fpiendid for my flight*

A vagabond and beggar,— to find here More neafuie than Deft.— O my fweet child 1 • • . But fpeak*— your mother !— faid you that Qp> dk4 J Lorenaa gone U- to fold her Here with tW t*l,xxiy. F Were

66 THE DRAMA*

Were too much ecftacy !— yerin her Inez She ftill furvives ! — a* thou art now, my girl ( Was my Lorenza when (ht trown'd my arms A blu&ing bride— Come grow unto my bofom, Mother and daughter both ! — But now relate, If the wild hurry of your foul permit, Where have you linger'd for* thefe ten long years ? How nouriuYd being fmce by fate dented The (helter of thefe arms ? How baffled too My anxious love, which ftill, with princely offers For ranfom or difcovery, fearlh'd the realms Of our unchiftian foes ?

* Inez. 'Ofir! O father!

My thought is giddy ; and tumultuous pkafure

Stifles my utterance !— my ftory's brief. The fudden tranfition from the father's joy to difappointment and diflrefs, on the apprehenfion that his daughter has porchafed her pre- lent fplendour at the price of her honour* and his fubfeqnent relief by the explanation which Pedro's appearance occafions, excite an uncommon degree of intereil aud agitation. Through the whole of the fifth aft the paffions are ftrongly exprefled ; and the cataftrophe leaves the mind in full pofleflion of the myftcrious pleafure of fympo- thy with fufiering innocence.

The piece has not been offered for reprefentation ; and perhaps, in it's prefent form, the dialogue might, on the ftage, appear in fome parts too much protracted ; out if a few eafy alterations were made ;— if, for inftance, the fcene between Coello and Alvaro in the firft aft \ were (hortcned ; if the dialogue in the third aft between Alphonfb arid Pedro on war, the calm obfer various at the end of the fourth a€ft on hunting, and the reflections of Fernandez (p. 1 12) after the murder of his daughter, were omitted ; if the murder of Inez, which excites too much honour, were thrown more out of fight by being merely related r and if the tragedy were to terminate with Pedro's confoling fpeech to Fernandez (p. 12c), leaving the puni foment of the guilty to the reader's imagination ; — we are of opinion, that both the managers and the public would be thankful to the author for fo valuable an addition to tne flock of engliih tragedies.

H*T. XXVI. Village Virtues: a dramatic Satire. In two Parts.

4to; 45 pages. Price 36. Bell. 1796.

With all our boafted philofophy, prejudice, it mud be owned, ftill governs the world. The rich can find nothing in the poor but ftupidity or villapy ; the poor can find nothing in the rich but pride and inhumanity : whereas, the truth is, there are good and bad of .all ranks ; and charity may hone, that the good are the moft numerous. — That part of thi&faUe judgment, which cot*» fills in thinking that virtue and high life are totally incompatible, and that innocence can exift no where but in a cottage is, with foine degree of humour and fpirit9 expofed in this dramatic piece. ' %

"Sir

Pillage Pirtues : a Dramatic Satin. *&f

Sir David Dowhwright, to convince his filler, lady Mount* kvet, chat folly and vice are not confined, as flie fuppofes, to high life, engages a gucft todifguife hi rofe If as7 Sturdy, a blunt but knaviQi farmer ; his houfe-keeper to att the part of his wife, a (hrewifb, drunken dame ; his two daughters to play the rural coquets, Rofe and Phoebe, and another friend to reprefent Wil- liam the lover. The llory is well contrived to anfwer the writerS purpofe ; the piece is drawn up with vivacity, wit, and drollery ; and it contains fome fatirical ftrokes at the fafhions and humour* of the times. The following fcene may perhaps treat our readeifc with a laugh.— p. i6.

* William, Rose, and Sturdy.

* William. Upon my foul, Rofe, this Mrs. Harrington of y dura feems a very good fort of perfon, and beftows her gifts with- fuch judgement, as does honour to her underftanding.

* Rofe. Oh ! I (hall love her the longeit day I have to live ! But I am afraid, William, that you are forry enough to hav* quitted London ?

1 William. To be Aire, child, London is a tolerable lounge.

* R°f*i Ah ! how I long to fee it.

* William. Why, in truth, 1 don't think that a winter's poliih* ing would do you any harm :